Week 2 Cellular Environment Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Properties of water: speak of specific heat (H/L); surface tension (H/L) hydrogen bonding and ph; boils at _____ and freezes at ____
A
High specific heat High surface tension Form hydrogen bonds with itself. Neutral ph 100; 32
2
Q
Water moves between plasma and interstitial through
A
OSMOSIS and HYDROSTATIC pressure
3
Q
Renin-angiotesin-aldosterone system (RAAS): is is a _______ of the _______ stimulated by _______. Responsible for the _________ by _____Tubules of the kidney nephron.
A
Steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex
stimulated by angiotensin II
Reabsorption of sodium by distal tubular (collecting duct) of the kidney nephron.
4
Q
Natriuretic peptides
A
Decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium and promotes urinary excretion of sodium
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide.
5
Q
Hypernatremia
A
Related to sodium gain or water loss
6
Q
Hyponatremia
A
Excess water accumulation (dilution)
7
Q
Causes of hyponatremia
A
Excessive sweatingv
vomiting/diarrhea
Diuretics use
excessive urine production (diabetes)
8
Q
Sodium deficits cause
A
Plasma hypoosmolality and
9
Q
Hypochloremia
A
the result of hyponatremia and elevated bicarbonate concentration
10
Q
Know HYPOTONIC Alteration
A
Cell swell
11
Q
Know ISOTONIC Alteration
A
cell neutral
12
Q
Know HYPERTONIC Alteration
A
Cell shrinks
13
Q
The major intracellular cation
A
Potassium
14
Q
Hyperkalemia
Lead to _______(EKG)
A
> 5.5
Abnormal T waves on the EKG
15
Q
ECG changes in potassium imbalance
A
U wave
Prolonged
Peaked T waves
16
Q
U-wave
A
repolarization
17
Q
Calcium located in the
Calcium controlled by 3 hormones: cite
A
bone
parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin (Thyroid)
18
Q
PTH
A
Secretion in response to low blood calcium levels
19
Q
What decreased blood calcium
A
Calcitonin
20
Q
Osteoblasts
A
Build bone
21
Q
Osteoclasts
A
Cracks bone.
22
Q
Hyperphosphotemia related to _______ ___levels
A
low calcium
23
Q
Treatment for hyperphosphate
A
treat underlying condition
24
Q
Treatment for hyperphosphate
A
treat underlying condition
25
Magnesium is a intracellular -_______
Cation
26
List the four common of increase EDEMA
There are four common causes of increased edema
1. increased hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
3. increased capillary membrane permeability
4. lymphatic obstruction.
27
During acidosis, potassium is shifted ______cell in exchange for hydrogen ions.
out of the
28
Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is ________
elevated.
29
Causes of Hypernatremia
Inappropriate administration of hypertonic saline
Cushing Syndrome
Over-secretion of Aldosterone
30
In DKA, potassium is shifted _____ in exchange for hydrogen ions, and then shifted back into the cells when _____ is given
out ; insulin
31
Hyperparathyroid causes an ______ In calcium. Causes of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
increase in calcium.
bone metastases with calcium resorption from cervical, breast, and prostate cancer.
Sarcoidosis
32
_______ a hormone that is secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
ALDOSTERONE
33
Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is ________or sodium is ________
increased; decreased.
34
______________ often occurs with acidosis.
Hyperkalemia
35
During acidosis, hydrogen is taken up in the cell; when this occurs,__________________
it is exchanged for potassium and serum potassium rises.
36
Aldosterone promotes the secretion of ________
potassium.
37
Thirst is experienced when water loss is equal to approximately ______ of body weight.
2%
38
______ and ________ are the primary factors that regulate water balance.
Thirst and secretion of ADH
39
When the ECF is ________, water moves from the intravascular space to the interstitial space, across the cell membrane into the cell. This causes the cell to swell.
hypotonic; swell.
40
__________major intracellular cation other than K+
Magnesium
41
__________major intracellular cation other than K+. Symptoms of low magnesium
Magnesium; weakness and depression
42
When the serum concentration falls below 8.5 mg/dl, there is a deficiency of calcium. It occurs with _______and __________ ______ deficiency. _______ and ________are causes of the symptoms.
vitamin D and parathyroid hormone deficiency.
| Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
43
```
Distribution of body fluids
newborn _____ to ____TBW
Childhood _____ to ____TBW
Adults ______ TBW
Older ______with age
```
70-90%
60-65%
60%
Declines.
44
Starling’s law of Capillaries
Net filtration is equal to the forces favoring filtration minus the forces opposing filtration
45
2 causes of Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Hypertension
| venous obstruction or insufficiency
46
Hypertension / venous obstruction or insufficiency are due to
INCREASED CAPILLARY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
47
________ blood colloidal osmotic pressure (losses or diminished production
of albumin) Examples: Liver disease, malnutrition
Decreased; Liver disease, malnutrition
48
Inflammation and immune response, severe burns are due to _______
Increased capillary permeability
49
Lymph obstruction (lymphedema)
(lymphedema)
50
2 main causes of edema
Causes: increase in “filtration” or decrease in “reabsorption”
51
Kidney: Another cause of edema is ______
sodium retention
| Protein loss
52
Responsible for half of the osmotic
pressure gradient between the
interior of cells and the surrounding
environment (attracts water).
SODIUM
53
Predominant extracellular ions responsible for ACID BASE BALANCE
Chloride ions
54
ADH secretion is stimulated by
increased in plasma osmolality
| Decrease in plasma volume
55
Increased in plasma osmolarity is detected by
BRAIN OSMORECEPTORS
56
Secretion of ADH leads to
Renal Water retention
57
2 main causes of hypernatremia
Excessive dietary intake
| Over secretion of Aldosterone
58
HYPOKALEMIA causes _______ of the cell and (DSSC)
Decreased neuromuscular excitability
o Skeletal muscle weakness
o Smooth muscle atony
o Cardiac dysrhythmias
59
_______Neuromuscular excitabiliy due to HYPOKALEMIA
DECREASED
60
Rigidly controlled for calcium balance
CALCIUM and phosphate
61
Which hormones Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts (indirect stimulation).
PTH
62
PTH( up/downregulates) enzymes responsible for converting vitamin D to its ________________
Increases calcium absorption from the ________ via __________
upregulates ; active form (1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D)
| GI tract:; calbindins.
63
PTH is Secreted in response to ______ blood calcium levels.
Increases plasma calcium levels via ____ _______
Active transport of calcium and magnesium from _________tubules
Blocks reabsorption of ________
PTH binds to _________ (‘bone makers’) which indirectly activates __________
low;
Increases plasma calcium levels via kidney reabsorption.
- Distal convoluted tubules
Blocks reabsorption of phosphate (phosphate excreted in urine)
Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts (indirect stimulation).
Osteoblasts (‘bone makers’) which indirectly activates new osteoclasts
64
_________parafollicular cells of the Thyroid
Calcitonin
65
________ (nerve hypersensitivity when facial nerve is tapped) associated which electrolyte imbalance.
Chvostek sign : low calcium
66
_______spasm of hand muscles when brachial artery occluded) associated which electrolyte imbalance.
Trousseau sign: Low calcium
67
The buffer systems functioning in blood plasma include: 3
1. Plasma proteins
2. Phosphate
3. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
68
Acids are formed as end products of
protein
carbohydrate
Fat metabolism
69
Explain PROTEINS as BUFFERS. Proteins are made up of _______ which contain _____ ______ _____groups and ______ ______ ____ groups. The charged regions of these molecules can bind________ and _______ions, and thus function as _______
Buffering by proteins accounts for _______of the buffering power of the blood andmost of the buffering within cells. At systemic capillaries reduced ______________buffers the liberated _______ ions from _________(this process is reversed at ________ to reform ______
1.made up of amino acids, which contain positively charged amino groups
and negatively charged carboxyl groups;
2.hydrogen and hydroxyl; buffers; two-thirds
reduced hemoglobin (after dissociation of oxygen)
hydrogen ions ; carbonic acid; reversed at pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide
70
PHOSPHATE BUFFERS:
Phosphates are found in the blood in two forms: _____ _______ ______
(Na2H2PO4− ), which is a weak acid, and _______ ___________
(Na2HPO42- ), which is a weak base.
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
(Na2H2PO4− )
sodium monohydrogen phosphate
(Na2HPO42- ),
71
HCl + Na2HPO4 → NaH2PO4 + NaCl
(strong acid) + (weak base) → (weak acid) + (salt)
72
NaOH + NaH2PO4 → Na2HPO4 + H2 O
(strong base) + (weak acid) → (weak base) + (water)
73
Bicarbonate will capture _______ ions to form _______
| Carbonic Acid will react with a strong base to form Bicarbonate and water
hydrogen ions to form Carbonic Acid
NaHCO3 + HCl → H2CO3 + NaCl
(sodium bicarbonate) + (strong acid) → (weak acid) + (salt)
H2CO3 + NaOH → HCO3- + H2O
(weak acid) + (strong base) → (bicarbonate) + (water)
74
Bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid are present in the blood in a ____ ratio
20:1
75
______ ____levels are controlled by the expiration of CO2 through the lungs.
Carbonic acid
76
The level of bicarbonate in the blood is controlled through the renal system.
Which part regulared by lung ? which part by the kidney?
CO2 + H2O -->H2CO3 --> HCO3–+ H
77
Renal regulation of acid-base balance
| acidosis? by secretion of _______ and ________ of _______
Kidney compensates for acidosis by secretion of H+ hydrogen ions
And reabsorption of bicarbonate
78
Respiratory acidosis is ________ as a result of _________
Elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression
79
Respiratory alkalosis - ________ as a result of __________
Depression of pCO2 as a result of hyperventilation
80
Metabolic acidosis - __________or an increase in__________
Depression of HCO3- or an increase in non-carbonic acids
81
Metabolic alkalosis -__________ as a result of an excessive loss of _________
Elevation of HCO3- usually as a result of an excessive loss of metabolic acids
82
```
Respiratory Acidosis ________Alveolar ventilation. May be causes by
1. 3 examples of nerve disorders
2.
3.
4.
```
Decreased alveolar ventilation
1 Nerve /Muscle disorders such as
Guillain-Barre syndrome, Myasthenia gravis, toxins (organophosphates, snake venom)
***Lung or Chest Wall defects
***Airway disorders
*** External factors : inadequate mechanical ventilation,
83
Causes of metabolic Alkalosis (PEND)
Prolonged vomiting
Excessive bicarbonate intake
Nasogastric suctioning
Diuretic therapy
84
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis (MUDPILES)
Manifestations:
Headache
Lethargy
Hyperventilation (kussmall Respirations)
Lactic acidosis, Alcoholic, Diabetic or Starvation (ketoacidosis)
Renal failure
Diarrhea
85
What is the compensation for metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation and renal excretion of excess acid
86
Manifestations of Metabolic acidosis.
Headache
Lethargy
Hyperventilation (kussmall Respirations)
87
Kussmaul's Respirations is associated with
Metabolic acidosis.
88
What is the compensation for metabolic Alkalosis ?
Respiratory CO2 retention
89
What is the compensation for respiratory acidosis ?
Renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination
90
What is the compensation for respiratory alkalosis ?
Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen RETENTION
91
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?
30-32
92
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
supply hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain
93
The end products of aerobic respiration are
CO2, water and ATP
94
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the
ETS
95
The end products of glycolysis are
ATP
NADH
Pyruvic avid
96
The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are
NAD
| FAD
97
Glycolysis produces__pyruvate and ____ATP
2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
98
In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need NOT be present?
Acetyl-CoA
99
Lipogenesis generally begins with
Acetyl-CoA
100
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
The citric acid cycle
