Immunity SUPP Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
In the complement cascade, once ______ is activated and attached to the cell membrane, other complement proteins can form a(n) _________
A
C3b, Membrane-attack Complex
2
Q
Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?
A
Inflammation
3
Q
Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following?
A
Histamin
Heparin
Prostaglandins
Complement proteins
4
Q
Small proteins released from tissue cells infected with viruses, as well as from activated lymphocytes and macrophages, are called
A
Interferons
5
Q
Perforins are proteins released from NK cells to ___________
A
perforate the cell membrane of abnormal cells.
6
Q
________ proteins are plasma proteins that bind and destroy bacteria.
A
Complement
7
Q
Action of activated Killer cells
A
Recognition and adhesion
Realignment of the golgi apparatus
Section of Perforins
Lysis of abnormal cells
8
Q
Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of
A
Mast cells
9
Q
The enhancement of phagocytosis is called
A
Opsonization
10
Q
Neutrophils, once activated, do release______ and ________ as part of their respiratory burst. Neutrophils also release ________ to draw more neutrophils to the site of the infection.
A
Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitrous Oxide ;
cytokines
11
Q
Histamine is secreted by
A
Mast cells
12
Q
Destroy the intergrity of the target cells
A
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
13
Q
The activation of complement can occur by 3 different routes:
A
Classical pathway
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway.
14
Q
What slows the spread of viral infections- RESISTANCE TO VIRAL INFECTION
A
Interferons
15
Q
Which interferons produced by infected cells with viruses
A
Interferons alpha
16
Q
Which interferons secreted by fibroblasts and Slows INFLAMMATION in damaged area
A
Interferon Beta
17
Q
Which interferons secreted by T cells and NK cells and STIMULATED MACROPHAGES
A
Interferon Gamma
18
Q
Those cells are involved in immunological surveillance.
A
Natural Killer cells
19
Q
Mast cells participate in tissue defense by stimulation and coordination of ________ by releasing ______ and ______
A
inflammation; Histamine and heparin
20
Q
Mast cells are located near many blood vessels throughout the body. These cells store _________ in _______ _______, which are released in response to mechanical stress or local chemical changes.
A
histamine in cytoplasmic granules; released in response to mechanical stress or local chemical changes.
21
Q
Histamine does what
A
increases vessel permeability in capillaries and speeds up blood flow throughout the injured site. This increased blood flow results in most of the changes seen in acute inflammation, including heat, pain, redness, and swelling
22
Q
Phagocytes are attracted or repelled by chemicals through a phenomenon called _________.
A
Chemotaxis
23
Q
Microphages are phagocytes that circulate in the blood. These include ______________ .
A
Neutrophils and Eosinophils
24
Q
The greatest Benefits that the FEVER PROVIDE is
A
Increase your cell Metabolism
25
Neutrophils DO NOT SECRETE
Histamine
26
The release of __________ is not an effect of complement activation. Complement proteins are a group of over 30 circulating proteins which function as__________. They stimulate
The release of pyrogens to cause a fever
part of the INNATE, NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM
Inflammation during tissue injury.
27
All 3 complement pathway activation included that splitting of
splitting of inactive C3 protein to activated C3b and C3a proteins
28
NK cells, which contain the proteins ______ and ________, provide a type of immunity called
perforin and protectin IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
29
Mast cells do not
release antibodies
30
What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chicken pox when he or she is six years old and still be immune to chicken pox at age 45?
Memory
31
The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.
CYTOTOXIC
32
The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________.
Regulatory T cells
33
When an antigen appears, the ______ immune system response begins with __________.
ADAPTIVE; the activation of specific T cells and B cells
34
What is the hallmark of the adaptive immune system?
The interaction of a specific antigen and a specific antibody is
35
In the adaptive immune system, the T cells___________while B cells transform into _____Cells, which
The T cells mediate a direct attack on the pathogen.
B cells transform into plasma cells, which produce antibodies that bind the antigen and mark it for destruction by the rest of the immune system.
36
In humans, innate immunity includes circulating proteins such as _______, _______ and _______. Many of these destroy pathogens by cell lysis, phagocytosis, and inducing apoptosis.
omplement, macrophages, and NK cells.
37
In humans, innate immunity includes circulating proteins such as _______, _______ and _______. Many of these destroy pathogens by cell lysis, phagocytosis, and inducing apoptosis.
complement, macrophages, and NK cells.
38
______,______, ______ immunity, are forms of adaptive immunity.
Passive, acquired, and active immunity
39
The primary response :
takes several weeks to be fully implemented, which may allow pathogens time to replicate.
40
In contrast, the secondary immune response takes_____________ to produce a massive antibody response
less than a week
41
What type of leukocyte functions as an antigen-presenting cell?
MACROPHAGES
42
What are the two major ways that the body carries out the immune response against a specific antigen?
Direct attack by T-cells
| Attack by circulating antibodies.
43
An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by
Antigen
44
The intentional introduction of antigenic materials into the body is called __________.
artificially acquired active immunity
45
When any of your body cells becomes infected with a pathogen, to what protein do the foreign peptides become attached that initiates the immune response?
Class I MHC Proteins
46
What is meant by a clone of cells?
A population of cells sensitive to a specific antigen
47
Which type of interferon is produced by a virus-infected cell, stimulates natural killer cells, and enhances resistance to viral infection?
Alpha interferons
48
What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
49
CD4 T cells respond to what kind of foreign antigen?
Class II MHC Proteins.
50
How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response?
It will be displayed on that cell’s plasma membrane.
51
Antigen presentation by Class I MHC proteins is triggered by _____and _____infection of a body cell
Viral or bacterial
52
Abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm of a cell can become attached to_____ ____ ____proteins and then displayed on the cell’s plasma membrane. The recognition of such displayed peptides can initiate an immune response.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
| initiate an immune response.
53
Steps
1. Antigen présentation by Class I MHC Proteins is triggered by viral and bacterial infection of a body cell
2. The infection results in the appearance of abnormal peptides in the cytoplasm
3. The abnormal peptides are incorporated into Class I MHC proteins as they are synthesized at the ER
4. After export to the Golgi, the MHC PROTEINS reach the plasma membrane within transport vesicles
5. The abnormal peptides are displayed by CLASS I MHC proteins on the plasma membrane.
54
What is the cytokine that slows the growth of a tumor and kills sensitive tumor cells?
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
55
In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection.
Antibodies
56
When a person is bitten by a rabid dog, by what means do medical personnel attempt to prevent infection by the rabies virus?
Artificially Acquired Passive immunity
57
Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment?
Naturally acquired active immunity
58
Which class of antibody is involved in triggering inflammation?
IgE
59
What class of antibodies is responsible for anaphylaxis?
IgE
60
Which of the following are effect of advancing age on the immune system?
The number of helper T cells declines.
Immune surveillance declines.
There is a decline in circulating thymic hormones.
61
Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?
Phagocytes
62
B lymphocytes differentiate into
Memory cells
| Plasma Cells
63
What class of antibody is found on the plasma membrane of B cells to help in sensitization?
IgD
64
Cells of the immune system influence the CNS and endocrine activity by all of the following interactions except
Stimulating cell and tissue metabolism
Increasing circulating thyroid hormone levels during immune responses
Secreting endorphins and thymic hormones
increase secretion of prolactin and growth hormones
65
Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to
Synthesize and secrete antibodies.
66
A cross reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of
CYTOTOXIC REACTION
67
Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen?
IgM
68
The light and heavy chains are portions of the______ ______
| A hapten is a partial antigen that can increase binding.
antibody molecule.
| hapten
69
The light and heavy chains are portions of the______ ______
| A ______ is a partial antigen that can increase binding.
antibody molecule.
| hapten
70
How is a sensitized B cell activated?
Contact with a T helper cell
71
How is a sensitized B cell activated?
Contact with a T helper cell
A sensitized B cell comes in contact with a helper T cell that has already been activated by antigen presentation by the same antigen that caused B cell sensitization.
The helper T cell binds to the B cell’s MHC complex, recognizes the antigen, and begins secreting cytokines, which promote B cell activation.
After activation of the B cell, these same cytokines stimulate B cell division, speed up plasma cell formation, and enhance antibody production.
72
Enhanced phagocytosis by a coating of antibodies and complement on the antigen is called __________.
OPSONIZATION
73
Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?
PLASMA CELLS
74
For the stimulation of _______Response, ____cells activated by ________ cells, differentiate into ______cells and ______cells. The first cells survive years after initial contact with antigen , the latter cells do what?
Adaptive response ; B cells; Plasma and memory;
| THEY PRODUCE ANTIBODIES TO THE ANTIGEN
75
Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________.
Helper T cells
| Regulatory T cells
76
Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?
Thoracic duct
77
The collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems is called
Mucous Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
78
The blood thymus barrier separates developing T cells in the cortex of the thymus from immune cells in the general circulation.
developing T cells in the cortex of the thymus from immune cells in the general circulation.
79
Which of the following lymphatic structures do NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern?
Tonsils and spleen
80
Main classes of lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
NK cells
81
______, _____ and _____ are secondary lymphoid tissues/organs, where lymphocytes are activated.
The tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen
82
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________.
ADULT SPLEEN
83
The first line of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is
PHAGOCYTES
84
Which body systems are part of the immune system?
Digestive
Lymphatic
Integumentary
85
Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________.
TONSILS
86
Primary Lymphoid ORGAN
Red bone marrow
| Thymus gland
87
Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the ____
Lymph Capillaries
88
The hormone that is important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defense is
Thymoxine
89
Lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm drains into the _
R lymphatic duct
90
Each lymph node has many ____________ but only one ______________.
Afferent; Efferent
91
Antigen presenting cells located in the epithelial are called (present antigen to T cells)
DENDRITIC CELLS
92
Examples of MALT in the digestive system include _____________that is attached where the small intestine joins the large intestine.
Peyer's patches in the small intestine and the vermiform appendix
93
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? _____
IgM; IgG
94
Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following?
Lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells
95
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.
helper T
96
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.
cytoxic; helper
97
An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed
Class I with an ANTIGEN BOUND
98
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when
an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.
99
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.
Cytotoxic T
100
Innate immmunity
1st line and 2nd line
101
Adaptive Immunity
3rd line
102
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
103
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are
IgD
104
MALT
| Examples
acronym for mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue. It consists of aggregated lymphatic nodules deep to the mucosa (gut lining) of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. Examples of MALT in the digestive system include Peyer's patches in the small intestine and the vermiform appendix that is attached where the small intestine joins the large intestine
105
Peyer's patches found where
SMALL INTESTINES
106
Which type of interferon attracts and stimulates NK cells as a way to enhance viral resistance to viral infection?a
interferon alpha
107
A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until
it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.
108
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
OPSONIZATION
109
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
Tears
110
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
T Helper cells
111
That are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are
IgM
112
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are
IgD
113
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
114
Hormones that slow growth tumor
Tumor necrosis factor
115
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.
116
Plasma proteins contain more than ____for the complement system
E) more than 30
