Endocrine Histology

Question 1

specialized cells which secrete substances that affect other cells

Answer 1

endocrine cells

Question 2

common features of all endocrine tissues

Answer 2

ductless, vascular, epithelial, polyhedral, blocks/plate/cord organization

Question 3

T/F endocrine tissues are ductless

Answer 3

T

Question 4

Endocrine cells secrete substances into _____

Answer 4

interstitial fluid –> bloodstream (high vascularity)

Question 5

fenestrated epithelium

Answer 5

allows passage of molecules into capillaries by endocrine glands

Question 6

Which endocrine glands have an epithelial growth pattern?

Answer 6

thyroid, parathyroid, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets –> cords or clumps of cells attached to each other

Question 7

Which endocrine gland is mesodermal in origin?

Answer 7

adrenal cortex

Question 8

Which endocrine glands have mesenchymal growth pattern?

Answer 8

leydig and ovarian stromal cells,granulosa, and luteal –> connective tissue organization

Question 9

Which endocrine glands have neural growth pattern?

Answer 9

posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla

Question 10

T/F endocrine cells can be individual

Answer 10

T –> enteroendocrine cells, enuroendocrine cells, and juxtaglomerular cells are distributed throughout

Question 11

The ______ connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

Answer 11

infundibulum

Question 12

derivation of anterior pituitary

Answer 12

ectoderm of oropharynx (rathke’s pouch)

Question 13

derivation of posterior pituitary

Answer 13

neuroectoderm of floor of third ventricle

Question 14

anterior pituitary secretes:

Answer 14

gh, prolactin, lh, fsh, tsh, acth

Question 15

posterior pituitary secretes:

Answer 15

oxytocin and ADH

Question 16

3 parts of anterior pituitary

Answer 16

pars distalis, intermedia, tuberalis

Question 17

pars distalis

Answer 17

bulk of AP, arises from anterior wall of RP

Question 18

pars intermedia

Answer 18

remant of posterior wall of RP

Question 19

pars tuberalis

Answer 19

forms sheath around infundibulum and contains veins from hypothalamus/thalamus

Question 20

The primary portion of the PP is called _____

Answer 20

pars nevrosa

Question 21

3 main cell types in AP

Answer 21

chromophils (acidophils: pink and basophils: purple on h/e) and chromophobes

Question 22

Which endocrine cells are acidophils?

Answer 22

somaotropes and lactotropes (gh and prl)

Question 23

Which endocrine cells are basophils?

Answer 23

corticotrpes, gonadotropes, thyrotropes (ACTH, LH/FSH, TSH)

Question 24

nerve axons in the hypothalamohypophyseal tract are myelinated/nonmyelinated

Answer 24

nonmyelinated –> non synaptic and secrete hormones vs nt’s

Question 25

glial cells in the posterior pituitary are called

Answer 25

pituicytes

Question 26

thyroid is derived from ____

Answer 26

endoderm of pharyngeal floor

Question 27

lobes of thyroid

Answer 27

pyramidal, right, left and isthmus

Question 28

Extracellular thyroglobulin called ____ accumulates in the _____

Answer 28

colloid --> follicles

Question 29

Characteristic feature of thyroid

Answer 29

follicles with large lumen surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 30

thyroglobulin is used to produce ___ and ___

Answer 30

T3 and T4

Question 31

_____ cells produce calcitonin

Answer 31

parafollicular C cells

Question 32

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 32

4 --> lower glandsderived from 3rd branchial arch like thymus/upper glands from 4th branchial arch

Question 33

Role of parathyroid

Answer 33

regulate calcium metabolism

Question 34

T/F fat cells in parathyroid increase with age with 60-70% of glands becoming fat

Answer 34

T

Question 35

3 types of parenchymal cells in parathyroid

Answer 35

principal/chief cells (present before birth), oxyphil cells (acidophlic, after puberty), adipocytes (more with age)

Question 36

_____ cells make pth

Answer 36

chief cells

Question 37

Which part of adrenal is larger? cortex, medulla

Answer 37

cortex = 90% of weight

Question 38

The _____ contains cells similar to sympathetic neurons which secrete catecholamines in the adrenal

Answer 38

medulla

Question 39

3 zones of adrenal cortex

Answer 39

glomerulusa (mineralocorticoids/aldosterone), fasciculata (glucocorticoids/cortisol), reticularis (gonadocorticoids/adrogens)

Question 40

T/F adrenal medulla cells are considered post-synaptic neurons

Answer 40

T --> but no axons (probably due to cortisol inhibition)

Question 41

2 types of chromaffin cells

Answer 41

large dense core: norepi, small core: epi --> adrenal medulla

Question 42

the adrenal medulla is composed of ____ cells

Answer 42

chromaffin

Question 43

exocrine pancreas is composed of ____

Answer 43

acini and ducts and produce enzymes for digestion

Question 44

endocrine pancreas is composed of ____

Answer 44

islet cells: islands of neuroendocrine cells

Question 45

islets develop during ___ weeks gestation

Answer 45

9-12 weeks

Question 46

islets are most numerous in which portion of pancreas

Answer 46

tail

Question 47

cell types in pancreatic islets

Answer 47

A (glucagon), B (insulin), D (somatostatin), PP(pancreatic polypeptide), D1 (VIP), EC (secretin, substance p, motilin)