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Systems 1 > Endocrine Microstructure > Flashcards

Endocrine Microstructure Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Pituitary gland sits in the

A

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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2
Q

Adenohypophysis is an

A

upgrowth of oral ectoderm

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3
Q

Neurohypophysis is a

A

downgrowth of future diencephalon

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4
Q

How does anterior pituitary stain?

A

Dark from the many hormones

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5
Q

How does the posterior pituitary stain?

A

Lightly. It does not synthesize hormones, just stores and secretes some

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6
Q

What is pars distalis responsible for?

A

Hormone synthesis in anterior pituitary

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7
Q

How are cells arranges in pars distills?

A

in cords wrapped in CT, many fenestrated capillaries

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8
Q

What does the pars intermedia of the anterior pituitary contain?

A

Spaces filled with viscous fluid (colloid cysts).

Functionally unimportant in adults

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9
Q

What is the pars tuberalis of the anterior pituitary?

A

Strucute that serves as scaffold for capillaries of hypophyseal portal system

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10
Q

Acidophils appear

A

pink

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11
Q

Basophils appear

A

blue/purple

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12
Q

Chromophobes appear

A

clear

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13
Q

Acidophiles and basophils synthesize

A

hormones stored in granules

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14
Q

Basophils synthesize

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

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15
Q

Acidophiles synthesize

A

Prolactin
GH

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16
Q

Releasing hormones are synthesized in the neurons of the hypothalamus and transported to the pars distalis via the

A

hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

Hypothalamus synthesizes CRH, which stimulates release of

A

ACTH

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18
Q

When GH is transported via blood to liver, it stimulates cells to synthesize

A

insulin- like growth factor

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19
Q

High levels of IGF in blood inhibit

A

synthesis of GH (acting on acidophils) and synthesis of GHRH (acting on neurons of hypothalamus)

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20
Q

Posterior pituitary consist of what 2 parts?

A
  • Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk
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21
Q

In posterior pituitary, hormones made by hypothalamic neurons are transported down their axons and stored in

A

pars nervosa in neurosecretory bodies

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22
Q

Herring bodies store

A

oxytocin and ADH

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23
Q

ADH promotes

A

reabsorption of water from urine in the kidneys

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24
Q

Diminished production of ADH leads to

A

diabetes insipidus

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25
Neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus synthesize ______ and transport it to the ______
oxytocin; pars nervosa
26
If acidophils are involved in pituitary adenomas, it can cause
- Gigantism - Acromegaly
27
Signs of acromegaly
Coarsening facial features with agins, large tongue, larger hands and feet
28
Signs of gigantism
accelerated bone growth, very tall, large hands and feet, some organs are larger
29
Thyroid consists of 2 lobes connected by a
inner isthmus
30
What 2 hormones does the thyroid synthesize?
- TH (T3 and 4) - Calcitonin
31
What does thyroid hormone affect
many systems in body to stim basal metabolism, cardiac output, well being
32
Function of calcitonin
regulating Ca and phosphate by reducing their levels in blood
33
How do thyroid colloid stain?
PinkW
34
What does thyroid colloid contain?
Thyroglobulin, an inactive precursor to T3/4
35
Follicular epi of thyroid appears as
cuboidal
36
Parafollicular cells are found within
follicular epi or in surrounging CT
37
How do parafollicular cells (C cells) appear on histology?
Very pale cytoplasm
38
What are the functions of thyroid follicular cells?
- Synthesize thyroglobulin and store it in colloid - Pull iodinated thyroglobulin from colloid and cleave it into thyroid hormones
39
Thyroid follicular cells are stimulated by
thyroid stimulating hormone
40
Chronic iodine deficiency inhibits
T3/4 production. But it can still make thyroglobulin
41
How is thyroid hormone essential for development?
Needed for brain dev and achieving normal statureH
42
How does thyroid hormone regulate metabolism?
- Increasing rate of O2 consumption - Increasing heat production - Promoting lipid and carb metabolsim
43
How does thyroid hormone amplify response to the sympathetic nervous system?
- Increases receptors on muscle to allow for efficient usage and increases fat breakdown to allow for energy mobilization
44
Signs of hypothyroidism
Cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, decreased sweating, deppression, irregular periods, slow heart rate, brittle nails, muscle pain, puffy face
45
Signs of hyperthyroidism
Weight changes, short periods, increased sweating, nail thickening, nervousness, muscle weakness, heat intolerance, diarrhea, racing heart
46
What is a thyrotropic cell?
A basophil that synthesizes thyroid stimulating hormone
47
Calcitonin is most relevant during periods of
Ca stress such as growth, pregnancy and lactation
48
How do parathyroid glands stain?
Dark
49
PTH regulates blood Ca by _________ levels in the blood
increasing
50
What cells are in the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells and oxyphil cells
51
What do chief cells do?
Synthesize PTH
52
How do chief cells appear on histo?
small, round nuclei and scanty cytoplasm
53
How do oxyphil cells appear on histology?
Large, eosinophilic/pink cytoplasm
54
What is calcitriol?
Active vit D
55
Diminhsed PTH secretion can cause
abnormal muscle contractions and bones to be more mineralized
56
Increased serum calcium can act as
inhibitor of PTH synthesis
57
Decreased serum calcium can act as
inhibitor of calcitonin synthesis
58
Adrenal glands are embedded in
pararenal adipose tissue and fascia
59
Where is the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex?
Beneath the capsule- cells arranged in balls
60
How do the cells look on histo in the ZG of adrenal gland?
Have small, round, darkly stained nuclei and foamy cytoplasm due to lipid content
61
Cells in ZG of adrenal cortex secrete what?
Aldosterone, which stabilized BP by stimulating reabsorption of Na and water
62
AngII acts on the adrenal gland to stimulate release of
aldosterone
63
AngII can act on Blood vessels directly to stimulate
vasoconstriction
64
Aldosterone increases action of Na/K pumps to push
Na from cell into the blood
65
Water follows Na, which increases
blood volume and therefore BP
66
To replace cellular stores, Na is
recycled from urine by flowing down its concentration gradient
67
What is the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?
Middle layer of cortex containing columns of cells, bordered by strings of CT and capillaries
68
How do cells look in the ZF of adrenal gland?
Small, dark nuclei and frothy cytoplasm, may be darker than ZG due to lipid volume
69
What do cells in ZF of adrenal make?
Cortisol
70
Cortisol is involved in
- Keeping blood glucose high - Stress response- prolongs sympathetic response
71
What is the zona reticularis of adrenal?
Zone closest to medulla with looser arrangement of intensely staining cells
72
Describe cells of ZR in adrenal
Cells have fewer lipids, generally appear darker than ZF
73
What do cells in ZR make?
DHEA (precursor to androgens such as testosterone and estrogen)
74
Synthesis of DHEA is stimulated by what?
ACTH
75
If cortisol is low, the body upregulates synthesis of an ACTH precursor
POMC
76
POMC does overproduction of POMC lead to?
Hyperpigmentation of skin
77
What does low DHEA do in women?
Loss of pubic and armpit hair and decreased sex drive
78
What does low aldosterone do?
Hyponatremia, leading to low blood volume. May cause dizziness, fatigue and salty cravings
79
Chromaffin cells make
epi and NE
80
How are chromaffin cells stimulated?
By axons of preganglionic sympathetic neurons whose cell bodies are in intermediate horn of spinal cord

Systems 1 (43 decks)

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