Intro to Endocrine

Question 1

The endocrine system works in concert with

Answer 1

nervous system

Question 2

Are glandular tissues heavily vascularized?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What are the 3 major groups of hormones?

Answer 3

• Peptides or proteins
• Steroids
• Amines, tyrosine basedw

Question 4

What falls under amines, tyrosine based type of hormones?

Answer 4

Catecholamines, thyroid hromeones

Question 5

Peptide hormones will start with a mRNA, make a preprohormone then a _________ and finally a ______

Answer 5

Prohormone; hormone

Question 6

Because of gene sequencing data, most peptide hormones can be made through what?

Answer 6

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 7

Prohormone is transferred to the _______, processed and the hormone gets packaged into secretory vesicles

Answer 7

Golgi

Question 8

All steroid hormones are derivatives of

Answer 8

cholesterol

Question 9

Amines are derived from what?

Answer 9

Tyrosine

Question 10

What is the rate limiting step in amine hormone synthesis?

Answer 10

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 11

What is responsible for degradation of catecholamines?

Answer 11

MAO and COMT

Question 12

What type of feedback loops are more common?

Answer 12

Negative

Question 13

What is long loop feedback?

Answer 13

The hormone feeds back to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (self limiting)

Question 14

What is short loop feedback?

Answer 14

Anterior pituitary feeds back on the hypothalamus-releasing hormone

Question 15

What is ultrashort loop feedback?

Answer 15

Hypothalamic releasing hormone will inhibit its own secretion

Question 16

What does the comparator do?

Answer 16

compared setpoint, environment and feedback. It sends signals via the controlling elements to re-establish a givens etpoint

Question 17

What are examples of when positive feedback loops occur?

Answer 17

Childbirth (oxytocin), ovulation (estrogen)

Question 18

Cyclic variation are thought to be due to changes in what?

Answer 18

Neural pathways

Question 19

Hormones like NE ane epi are secreted within seconds after adrenal gland is stimulated. How long do they take to induce action?

Answer 19

Seconds to minutes

Question 20

How long may thyroxine or GH take for full effect?

Answer 20

months

Question 21

How do steroids and thyroid hormones circulate?

Answer 21

In blood bound to plasma proteins

Question 22

Binding of hormones to plasma proteins creates a

Answer 22

reservoir

Question 23

Binding of hormones to plasma proteins will ________ the clearance of the hormone

Answer 23

decrease

Question 24

What 2 parameters control hormone secretion?

Answer 24

Rate of release and rate of clearance

Question 25

Dysfunction of liver or kidney can decrease clearance and cause concentrations to stay high. This is important when giving what type of hormones?

Answer 25

Exogenous (oral contraceptives w estrogen and progesterone)

Question 26

Signaling through phospholipase C will induce the generation of

Answer 26

IP3 and DAG

Question 27

DAG will activate

Answer 27

protein kinase C

Question 28

What will induce the release of Ca from endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 28

IP3

Question 29

Steroid hormones will increase __________ in target tissues

Answer 29

protein synthesis

Question 30

Describe the events that occur with a steroid

Answer 30

- Steroid binds to receptor on cytosol or nucleus - Hormone-receptor complex binds to response elements on DNA upstream of transcriptional start site - Increase in mRNA transcription and then protein synthesis through ribosomes

Question 31

Aldosterone and thyroid hormones are examples that utilize ________ receptors

Answer 31

intracellular