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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

It arouses the state of the body, it is also considered the 2nd major control system.

A
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2
Q

Chemical substances secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hormones are classified into?

A

Amino-acid based molecules or steroids

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4
Q

Amino acid based molecules

A

proteins, peptides, amines

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5
Q

steroids

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

What does hormones affect?

A

Specific cells or organs with specific receptors for hormones

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7
Q

Two mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in cells

A

Direct Gene activation
Second Messenger system

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8
Q

Direct gene activation is for

A

lipid soluble molecules

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9
Q

Second messenger system is for?

A

water soluble molecules

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10
Q

name three types of stimulation

A

Hormonal Stimulus
Humoral Stimulus
Neural Stimulus

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11
Q

Endocrine glands are prodded into action through hormones

A

Hormonal Stimulus

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12
Q

Hypothalamus secrete hormones to activate pituitary gland

A

Hormonal Stimulus

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13
Q

Parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Hypophysis

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15
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Neurophysis

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16
Q

These are changes in the blood that activate stimulus

A

Humoral Stimulus

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17
Q

What happens when the capillary blood is low in Ca?

A

Secretion of parathyroid hormones to regulate calcium

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18
Q

Changes in nerve fibers that activate stimulus

A

Neural Stimulus

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19
Q

Adrenal glands secrete what?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Catecholamines)

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20
Q

What are the major endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary Glands
Pineal Glands
Thyroid glands
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads

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21
Q

Hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain

A

Pituitary gland

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22
Q

What are the two functional lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

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23
Q

function of the anterior pituitary

A

produce hormones itself

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24
Q

function of the posterior pituitary

A

storage of hormones

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25
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary have?
7
26
How many hormones does the posterior pituitary have?
2
27
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
Prolactin Growth hormone gonadotropic hormones (Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) Thyrotrophic Hormone Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
28
Hormone for milk production
Prolactin
29
Female prolactin
Amenorrhea
30
male prolactin
erectile dysfunction
31
Hormone for height and growth
Growth hormone
32
GH in adults
Acromegaly
33
GH in childhood
Gigantism
34
GH in childhood (down)
dwarfism
35
What are the gonadotrophic hormones?
Follicle-stimulating hormones and luteinizing hormones
36
In women, it stimulates follicle development in the ovaries
Estrogen and egg cells
37
In men, it stimulates sperm development
testes
38
What does estrogen do?
Female characteristic
39
What does progesterone do?
Boobs
40
What does testosterone do?
Sperm
41
What does the luteinizing hormone do?
Support the FSH
42
Higher testosterone in male results in?
Adam's Apple
43
Hormone for growth of thyroid gland
Thyrotrophic Hormone
44
Hormone for Regulating the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland
Aderenocortocotrophic Hormones
45
Hormone for melanin (skin pigmentation)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
46
2 hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone
47
Hormone for relaxing the uterine wall (labor, sex, breastfeeding)
Oxytocin
48
Hormone for milk ejection
Oxytocin
49
Hormone for inhibiting or preventing urine production. It also increases reabsorption.
Antidiuretic Hormone or Vasopressin
50
small, cone-shaped gland that hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
Pineal Gland
51
what does the pineal gland do?
sleep wake cycle
52
plays an important role in establishing the body’s sleep wake cycle
Melatonin
53
Located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the Adam’s apple
Thyroid gland
54
Hormones of the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone Calcitonin
55
T4
Thyroxine
56
T3
Triiodothyronine
57
Controls the rate at which glucose is “burned,” or oxidized, and converted to body heat and chemical energy (ATP).
Thyroid Hormone
58
Low T4 results in
Mental retardation
59
Decreases the blood calcium level ion level
Calcitonin
60
found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
61
what are the hormones of the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone or Parathormone
62
Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis of the blood
Parathyroid hormone
63
located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum.
Thymus
64
Large in infants and children, it decreases in size throughout adulthood
Thymus
65
What are the hormones in the thymus?
Thymosin
66
Essential for normal development of a special group of white blood cells (T lymphocytes) and the immune response.
Thymosin
67
curve over the top of the kidneys like triangular hats
Adrenal Glands
68
Two parts of the adrenal gland
Adrenal Cortex Adrenal medulla
69
Hormones in the adrenal cortex
Corticosteroids
70
Kinds of corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones
71
Resistance to stress
Corticosteroids
72
Regulate salt content
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
73
Resist long-term stressors, increasing blood glucose levels
Glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol)
74
Sex hormones
Androgen and estrogen
75
Hormones in the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (non-adrenaline)
76
Are groups of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones involved in glucose metabolism
Pancreatic Islet
77
Pancreatic Islet is also called
Islets of Langerhans
78
Released by beta cells with high level of glucose in the blood
Insulin (lowers blood glucose)
79
released by the alpha cells when there is low blood level of glucose
Glucagon (increase glucose)
80
Are the primary reproductive organs in organisms, responsible for producing gametes and sex hormones.
Gonads
81
Two gonads
Ovaries Testes
82
responsible for the growth and maturation of the reproductive organs and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics; promotes breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine lining (menstrual cycle)
Estrogen
83
acts to bring about menstruation
progesterone
84
promotes the growth and maturation of the reproductive system organs; causes the male’s secondary sex characteristics to appear
Androgen and testosterone

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