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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Crine

A

Having to do with secretion

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2
Q

Pure endocrine organs (4)

A

Pituitary
Pineal gland
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands (Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla)

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3
Q

Organs containing large proportion of endocrine cells (4)

A

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus (a neuroendocrine organ)

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4
Q

Organs containing some endocrine cells

A

Heart
Digestive tract
Kidneys
Skin

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5
Q

Endocrine cells are of _____ origin?

A

epithelial

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6
Q

Action-Reach: Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Neural signaling is very localized

Endocrine signaling is a long distance action

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7
Q

Action-Path:Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Neural signals travel along defined routes between specific cells (neural networks)
Endocrine signals broadcast through bloodstream to almost all cells

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8
Q

The pituitary gland sits in the ____

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

Action-Speed:Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Neural signals are very rapid (milliseconds)

Endocrine signals are slow (seconds, minutes, hours, days)

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10
Q

Action-Control:Endocrine versus Neural signaling

A

Release of neural signal may have some conscious control

Release of endocrine system has no conscious control

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11
Q

neurotransmission is highly targeted (NTs only affect the _____) and occurs over tiny distances (the ____)

A
  1. Postsynaptic cell

2. Synaptic Cleft

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12
Q

endocrine signaling is completely -1. targeted or untargeted- (hormones in circulation affect all cells with receptors for them) and occurs over -2. small or large- distances (whole body)

A
  1. untargeted

2. large

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13
Q

A signaling molecule released into the bloodstream

A

Hormones

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14
Q

Neurons sometimes release their signaling molecules into circulation instead of at synapses
in these cases the molecules are called?

A

neurohormones or just hormones

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15
Q

Dopamine is regarded as a (1) when secreted by the adrenal gland and a (2) when secreted by a neuron.

A
  1. Hormone

2. Neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Neurons that blend characteristics of the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Neurosecretory (or neuroendocrine) cells

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17
Q

Hormones can ONLY act on _____?

A

organs/tissues that have the receptor for them

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18
Q

Hormones that stimulate other glands to make & release hormones

A

Tropic hormones

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19
Q

Three broad structural classes of hormones:

A 
proteins (peptide hormones)
amine hormones (modified amino acids)
steroid hormones (modified cholesterol)
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20
Q

The three broad structural classes of hormones are hydro(1) and can (2)

A
  1. Hydrophobic

2. Directly cross cell membranes

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21
Q

What can hormones do?

A

Standard actions of a biological signaling molecule. They can:
alter membrane permeability
activate second messenger pathways
alter gene expression

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22
Q

Endocrine cell types and tissues (2)

A

Nonneural (epithelial) endocrine cells

Neuroendocrine cells

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23
Q

Endocrine cells (either nonneural or neuroendocrine) organized into their own organs specialized for hormone secretion

A

Endocrine glands

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24
Q

Endocrine glands can be stimulated to release a hormone in 3 ways:

A

Humoral stimulus
Neural stimulus
Hormonal stimulus

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25
Glands monitor the blood and release the hormone in response to change
Humoral stimulus
26
A neuron stimulates the gland to release hormone
Neural stimulus
27
Glands controlled by a tropic hormone
Hormonal stimulus
28
Medulla of the adrenal gland is a ______
Sympathetic ganglion
29
The adrenal gland secretes?
catecholamines
30
Catecholamines are?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
31
The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the (1) to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands (such as 2, 3, 4)to secrete hormones
1. Anterior pituitary gland | 2. Thyroid gland, Adrenal cortex, gonad
32
The adrenal gland is a type of ____stimulus
Neural
33
The hypothalamus is a type of ____stimulus
Hormonal
34
A_____ is a type of pathway that is regulated by the presence of the hormone itself, or of the product of hormone release
Feedback loop
35
Hormone levels are controlled by _______
Feedback loops
36
There are positive and negative loops. _____ loops are far more common.
Negative
37
A negative feedback loop is where the product of the pathway, turns the pathway (on or off)
Off
38
In a positive feedback loop, the output ____ the original stimulus
Enhances or amplifies
39
The key difference between positive and negative feedback is their response to change: positive feedback (1) change while negative feedback (2) change.
1. amplifies | 2. Reduces
40
Blood clotting is an example of a (positive or negative) feedback loop
Positive
41
The _____ oversees the endocrine system and responds to feedback.
Hypothalamus
42
hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones -> carried by portal vessels -> detected by anterior pituitary cells -> release/inhibit of pituitary hormones into general circulation
The anterior pituitary
43
The anterior pituitary has ____ tissue
Non-neural
44
terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells -> release of hormones into general circulation
Posterior pituitary
45
The posterior pituitary has ____tissue
neuroendocrine tissue
46
The anterior pituitary can be subdivided into 3 parts (pars)
Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia Pars distalis
47
a region of the anterior pituitary that wraps around the infundibular stalk
Pars tuberalis
48
A part of the anterior pituitary that is the boundary between anterior and posterior pituitary
Pars intermedia
49
The part of the anterior pituitary that is the anterior bulge
Pars distalis
50
The posterior pituitary can be subdivided into 2 parts:
Infundibular stalk | Pars nervosa
51
connects posterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Infundibular stalk
52
the posterior bulge pf the pituitary gland, consists of nervous (not glandular) tissue that includes axons of hypothalamic neurons from hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Pars nervosa
53
Hypothalamus makes_____ that regulate anterior pituitary
tropic hormones
54
Hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary through a special blood vessel network
Hypophyseal portal system
55
A _____ is network that connects 2 capillary beds before returning to heart
"Portal System"
56
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Prolactin (PRL) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH) Causes growth of bones, muscles and most body cells Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
57
Stimulates release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
58
Regulates breast milk production & secretion of other hormones
Prolactin (PRL)
59
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
60
Causes growth of bones, muscles and most body cells
Growth hormone (GH)
61
Influence reproductive activities by regulating hormone synthesis by the male and female gonads
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
62
Involute
Decreases in size (i.e. when discussing the thymus when one turns 14)
63
Follicular cells make _____.
Thyroid hormone (TH)
64
Thyroid production is an example of a ____ feedback loop. Why?
Negative The production of Thyroid hormone (TH) by the thyroid gland stops the production of Thyrotopin releasing hormone (TRH) in the hypothalmus
65
The posterior pituitary does or does not make hormones?
Does not
66
Posterior pituitary is a storage vessel for two hormones produced by the hypothalamus:
``` Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin ```
67
_____regulates blood pressure by controlling water output
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
68
_____ regulates uterine contractions and milk production in the mammary glands. Also involved in social bonding
Oxytocin
69
Influences parental/partner bonding Has receptors in many organs throughout the body with unknown function Males and females express receptors Oxytocin lowers heart rate and is thought to modulate stress & anxiety
Oxytocin
70
The thymus is a _lobed gland
Bilobed
71
Where is the thymus located?
In the mediastinum, superior to the heart
72
The thymus is large in_____ and _____
Fetus and infants
73
Maturation of certain white blood cells (T cells) | Releases hormones that stimulate development of lymphatic organs and T cells
Thymus
74
Butterfly-shaped gland found in the neck, just inferior to the adam’s apple
Thyroid gland
75
The thyroid gland produces 2 hormones:
``` Thyroid hormone (TH) Calcitonin ```
76
______: maintains our metabolism/body temperature
Thyroid hormone (TH)
77
_____: regulates the amount of calcium in our blood by encouraging deposition into bone
Calcitonin
78
_____: jelly-like precursor to thyroid hormone
Colloid
79
Cells that make TH and are filled will colloid
Follicular cells
80
Cells that make calcitonin in the thyroid
Parafollicular cells
81
Steps of thyroid production
1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-hypothalamus 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)-anterior pituitary 3. Thyroid hormone(TH)-thyroid gland
82
Cells that secrete parathyroid hormone. Whole cell taken up by nucleus
Parathyroid cells
83
_____cells have much more cytoplasm than the parathyroid cell in the parathyroid gland. Function?
Oxyphil | Unknown
84
Calcium regulation ______secretes Calcitonin, bones take up Ca2+, blood Ca2+ levels lower _____secretes PTH, bones release Ca2+, blood Ca2+ levels rise
Thyroid Gland | Parathyroid glands
85
The adrenal gland is comprised of the
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
86
The adrenal medulla is actually a modified_____
sympathetic nerve ganglion.
87
The adrenal medulla has no ____ on cell bodies. Release secretions into the blood
Axons
88
The adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
89
Functions of the adrenal medulla:
Raises metabolic rate, mobilizes glucose and fat release for energy, vasoconstriction
90
The _____ directly innervates the adrenal medulla where it triggers the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream
sympathetic nervous system
91
The ____hormones help the body cope with danger, terror or stress
adrenal
92
The adrenal medulla is ____ of the adrenal gland while the adrenal cortex is ____ of the adrenal gland
10-20% | 80-90%
93
The three zones of the adrenal cortex (superficial to deep) are:
Zona glomerulosa: Most superficial layer Zona fasciculata: Intermediate, thick layer Zona reticularis: Deepest cortical layer
94
Name and function of the lipid hormones of the glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids (regulate minerals/electrolytes)
95
Name and function of the lipid hormones of the fasciculata
glucocorticoids inc. cortisol (regulate glucose levels in blood)
96
Name and function of the lipid hormones of the reticularis
gonadocorticoids (androgens and estrogens)
97
The adrenal cortex makes more than 25 different lipid-based hormones! Whole group of them =
corticosteroids
98
Regulate blood volume by controlling amount of sodium in urine
Main mineralocorticoid = Aldosterone
99
A stress hormone that responds to fasting, anxiety and trauma Insures high blood glucose levels for brain, forces other areas to get energy from fat Decreases inflammatory response
Main glucocorticoids = cortisol
100
Converted to estrogen and testosterone in peripheral tissues
Main gonadocorticoid = DHEA (dehydroepianderosterone)
101
In the adrenal medulla, clusters of neuroendocrine cells called ____ secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine All are involved in the sympathetic nervous response: Fear, pain, stress, raise metabolic rate, increase heart rate, mobilize glucose release
chromaffin cells
102
Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?
both, it is a heterocrine
103
exocrine secretions aid (1) | Endocrine functions are in groups of cells called pancreatic islets that (2)
1. digestion (pancreatic juice) | 2. regulate blood sugar
104
Each pancreatic islet contains 3 types of cells:
Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells
105
Secrete glucagon-a hormone that tells the liver to break down energy stores and get glucose (sugar) into the bloodstream
Alpha cells
106
Secrete insulin-a hormone that tells cells to take glucose out of the bloodstream
Beta cells
107
Secrete somatostatin that regulates the rate of digestion
Delta cells
108
Attached to the roof of the third ventricle | Synthesizes and secretes melatonin
The pineal gland
109
The pineal gland secretes more melatonin at (1), less during the (2) Establishes a 24-hour clock (circadian rhythm)
1. Night | 2. Day
110
In the ovaries,____ and ____ regulate menstrual cycle, pregnancy
Estrogen, progesterone
111
______regulates sex drive, sperm production
Testosterone
112
_____in both male and female gonads inhibits FSH secretion from the pituitary (disrupts egg and sperm production)
Inhibin
113
In the kidneys, ____increases red blood cell production
Erythropoietin
114
In the kidneys,___ is released in response to falling blood pressure.
Renin
115
In the heart, ______stretching in the wall of the heart triggers release. Causes water loss (by urination) so that blood volume/pressure decreases.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP):
116
Many of the gastrointestinal tract organs have ______ cells associated with digestion. Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus also play a role.
enteroendocrine
117
Adipose Tissue secretes ____ which regulates our appetite
leptin

Anatomy (14 decks)

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