Heart

Question 1

Delivers blood to and from the lungs where it is oxygenated

Answer 1

Pulmonary circulation

Question 2

send blood to all the tissues in the body, thus bringing oxygen to all the cells of the body and removing carbon dioxide

Answer 2

Systemic circulation

Question 3

Position of the heart:
In the \_\_\_\_ cavity
\_\_\_ of midline
\_\_\_ to sternum 
\_\_\_\_ to diaphragm
Base of heart is around rib\_\_\_

Answer 3

Thoracic
Left
Posterior
Superior
Two

Question 4

Region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

Answer 4

Mediastinum

Question 5

The posteriosuperior region of the heart is flat and called the____

Answer 5

Base

Question 6

The inferior pointed end of the heart is called the ___

Answer 6

Apex

Question 7

Heart is contained within a fibrous sac called the____

Answer 7

pericardium

Question 8

Functions of the pericardium

Answer 8

1. Anchors the heart inferiorly to the diaphragm and superiorly to the great vessels
2. Restricts heart movement within thorax while allowing expansion and contraction
3. Isolation from other thoracic organs

Question 9

Two parts of the pericardium and associated tissue types:

Answer 9

1. Outer fibrous pericardium (dense irregular connective tissue)
2. Inner serous pericardium (simple squamous epithelium+thin layer of connective tissue)

Question 10

Fibrous pericardium is attached

1. Superiorly to the _____
2. Inferiorly to the ____

Answer 10

1. Large vessels exiting the heart

2. Diaphragm

Question 11

The serous pericardium is divided into two layers (or really one layer folded onto itself). What are the two layers?

Answer 11

Parietal layer (lines the surface of the fibrous pericardium)
Visceral layer (lines the surface of the heart)

Question 12

The space between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the serous pericardium is?

Answer 12

Pericardial cavity

Question 13

A thin _____lubricates the layers (parietal and visceral) so they move without friction

Answer 13

Percardial fluid

Question 14

What layer of the serous pericardium lines the surface of the heart?

Answer 14

The visceral layer

Question 15

Three layers of the wall of the heart:

Answer 15

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 16

Layer made op of visceral layer of pericardium + accumulated fat

Answer 16

Epicaridium

Question 17

Muscle layer of the wall of the heart (cardiac muscle)

Answer 17

Myocardium

Question 18

Cardiac muscle cells:

Answer 18

Cardiocytes or myocytes

Question 19

In wall of the heart -inner layer of simple squamous epithelium (called endothelium) + thin layer of connective tissue

Answer 19

Endocardium

Question 20

Each atrium has an anterior flap-like extension called an _____

Answer 20

auricle (because it looks like an ear)

Question 21

What does the auricle do for the atria?

Answer 21

It increases the volumn of the atria

Question 22

On the external heart, the ____ separates the atria from the ventricles

Answer 22

coronary sulcus

Question 23

On the external heart, the ______ separate the ventricles from each other (posterior and anterior)

Answer 23

interventricular sulci

Question 24

Coronary arteries, on the external heart, vascularize the heart itself and originate from the ____

Answer 24

Aorta

Question 25

Collagenous/elastic fibers found between each chamber of the heart. Offers structural support, anchors cardiocytes, anchors valves, acts as an electrical insulator

Answer 25

Fibrous skeleton

Question 26

Valves are dense connective tissue “doors” that are lined by ____. Valves allow ____blood flow, prevents ____.

Answer 26

Endocardium Unidirectional Backflow

Question 27

Atrioventricular (AV) valves close when ventricles ____

Answer 27

Contract

Question 28

Two atrioventricular (AV) values:

Answer 28

1. Right AV (tricuspid) valve | 2. Left AV (formerly “bicuspid”) valve or mitral valve

Question 29

Tendinous chords tether AV valves to ____.

Answer 29

Papillary muscles

Question 30

Semilunar valves close when ventricles ___.

Answer 30

Relax

Question 31

Two semilumar valves:

Answer 31

1. Pulmonary valve – at exit of right ventricle | 2. Aortic valve – at exit of left ventricle

Question 32

3 vessels empty into the right atria:

Answer 32

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

Question 33

The_____ is the thin wall between the atria

Answer 33

Interatrial septum

Question 34

The interatrial septum has a depression called ____-a hole from the fetal period that closed.

Answer 34

fossa ovalis

Question 35

Blood leaves the right atria through the atrioventricular (AV) opening when the _____opens.

Answer 35

AV valve (tricuspid valve)

Question 36

The posterior wall of the right atrium is _____ | The anterior wall is lined by ridges called _____

Answer 36

Smooth | Pectinate muscles

Question 37

The _____ is a thick wall between the right and left ventricles

Answer 37

Intraventricular septum

Question 38

The internal surface of both ventricles have large, smooth muscle ridges called _____

Answer 38

Trabeculae carne (meaty beams)

Question 39

The AV valve is anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous cords called _____ The_____ attach inferiorly to muscle projections called papillary muscles

Answer 39

Tendinous cords

Question 40

The purpose of anchoring the valve flaps is to keep them from:

Answer 40

flipping backwards when the ventricle contracts

Question 41

When the right ventricle contracts, it forces the blood upwards, through the ____, into the pulmonary trunk The pulmonary trunk splits into pulmonary ____ that bring ____ blood to the lungs for gas exchange

Answer 41

Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary arteries deoxygenated

Question 42

The AV valve on the left is sometimes called the ___ or ___

Answer 42

Bicuspid or mitral valve

Question 43

The wall of the_____ is the strongest and thickest of the 4 chambers. Usually 3x thicker than the other side

Answer 43

Left ventricle

Question 44

___ pulmonary arties carry blood to the lungs. ___pulpmary viens carry blood to the heart.

Answer 44

Two | Four

Question 45

The time from the start of one heartbeat to the start of the next

Answer 45

The cardiac cycle

Question 46

The contraction of a heart chamber is ____. During systole, the cardiac muscle contracts, squeezing blood out of the chamber and into the next chamber or vessel.

Answer 46

Systole

Question 47

The relaxation of the heart is called ____. During diastole the chambers relax and fill with blood

Answer 47

Diastole

Question 48

Electrical events measured by ____

Answer 48

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Question 49

The ___ and ____ exit the aorta and feed the cardiac muscle itself. They branch into progressively smaller blood vessels

Answer 49

left and right coronary arteries

Question 50

_____return deoxygenated blood that ultimately merges into coronary sinus

Answer 50

Cardiac veins

Question 51

Cardiocytes are joined at ends by ______

Answer 51

intercalated discs

Question 52

Cardiac muscle component that resembles egg cartons

Answer 52

Interdigitating folds

Question 53

Gap junctions: allow flow of electrical stimuli

Answer 53

Electrical junctions

Question 54

Desmosomes provide mechanical adhesion for ____in cardiac muscle

Answer 54

Mechanical junctions

Question 55

Triggered to contract by Ca2+ entering the sarcoplasm

Answer 55

Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 56

Ca2+ entering the sarcoplasm of cardiac muscle tissue signals sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+ ions Ions diffuse into sarcomeres Trigger _____

Answer 56

sliding filament mechanism

Question 57

In the conduction system, ____tie the cardiac muscle cells together physically, contain gap junctions that allow electrical signals to pass, therefore muscle impulses can therefore pass from one cell to the next instantly

Answer 57

Intercalated discs

Question 58

Heart exhibits _____(heart itself, not external nerves initiates muscle impulses)

Answer 58

autorhythmicity

Question 59

Specialized heart muscle cells initiate muscle impulses, the rest of the muscle cells just pass along the impulse These initiation cells make up the _____

Answer 59

conduction system

Question 60

Electric muscle impulses travel throughout the cardiac muscle tissue by way of the _____

Answer 60

intercalated discs

Question 61

Muscle impulses are initiated at the _____ in the posterior of the right atria (pacemaker).

Answer 61

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 62

The impulse is carried to a node at the inferior border of the right atria called the ______

Answer 62

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 63

The impulse is carried from the atrioventricular node down the ____

Answer 63

AV bundle (bundle of His)

Question 64

The branches of the Bundle of His, called the ____, carry the impulse throughout the walls of the ventricles

Answer 64

Purkinje fibers

Question 65

Heart rate is set by SA node but rate is altered by extrinsic and neural controls such as:

Answer 65

Visceral sensory fibers | Parasympathetic fibers

Question 66

Branches of vagus nerve. Decrease heart rate | Restricted to SA node, AV node, coronary arteries

Answer 66

Parasympathetic fibers

Question 67

Travel to heart from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia (Innervate SA node, AV node, coronary arteries and cardiac musculature throughout heart) Increase heart rate and strength of contraction

Answer 67

Sympathetic nerves

Question 68

____ is controlled by cardiac centers in reticular formation of medulla

Answer 68

Autonomic input

Question 69

Cardiac centers in the retricular formation of the medulla. The ___ center influences parasympathetic neurons. The ___ center influences sympathetic neurons

Answer 69

Cardioinhibitory | Cardioacceleratory