Brain Flashcards
1
Q
What determines intelligence?
A
The number of synapses (approx 86 billion)
Not the brain
2
Q
Grooves between gyri
A
Sucli
3
Q
Deep sucli
A
Fissures
4
Q
Skull limits brain size, so our brain (cortex) is folded (____) to make room for more neurons
A
Gyri
5
Q
The cerebrum is made up of two _____
A
Hemispheres
6
Q
Big suclus between hemispheres
A
Longitudinal fissure
7
Q
In addition to the skull, the brain is supported and protected by connective tissue layers called_____
A
meninges
8
Q
Deep to superficial meninges:
A
Pia mater, arachnoid and dura mater
9
Q
Dura mater has 2 layers
A
Periosteal-superficial
Meningeal-deep
10
Q
All 3 meninges cover the ____ AND the _____
A
Brain, spinal cord
11
Q
Bone of skull/vertebrae and dura mater may be separated by a potential space ______
A
epidural space
12
Q
Contents of epidural space
A
arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones
13
Q
Dural septa that divides the cerebrum into L and R hemispheres
A
Falx cerebri
14
Q
Dural septa that tents over the cerebellum, separates cerebrum from cerebellum
A
Tentorium cerebelli
15
Q
Dural septa that divides the cerebellum into L and R sides
A
Falx cerebelli
16
Q
Partitions of the dura form the _____
A
dural venous sinuses
17
Q
All blood leaving the brain goes to _____
A
dural venous sinuses
18
Q
Descending veins where blood goes after the dural venous sinuses
A
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse Sinus
19
Q
Spaces in the brain
A
ventricles
20
Q
The ventricles are continuous with each other, and with the ______
A
central canal of the spinal cord
21
Q
Ventricles and central canal are filled with _____
A
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
22
Q
Ventricles are lined with_____
A
ependymal cells
23
Q
Four brain ventricles:
A
2 lateral ventricles (medial portion of cerebrum)
Third ventricle in the diencephalon
Fourth ventricle between pons and cerebellum
24
Q
In the third ventricle in the diencephalon, lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by the_______
A
interventricular foramen
25
Third ventricle in the diencephalon, third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by the _______
cerebral aqueduct
26
Fourth ventricle between pons and cerebellum empties into _____
central canal of spinal cord
27
Functions of the cerebral spinal fluid
Buoyancy
Protection: liquid cushion to protect neurons from sudden movements
Environmental Stability: provides nutrients, eliminates wastes
28
____supports 95% of brain weight, prevents brain from being crushed under its own weight.
CSF
29
CSF is made by the ______within each ventricle
choroid plexus
30
_______ filter fluid out of the blood and secrete it in the form of CSF
Ependymal cells
31
1. CSF is secreted by ____ in each ____.
2. CSF flows through ____into ____.
3. ______ in third ventricle adds more CSF.
4. CSF flows down _____to fourth ventricle.
5. _____ in fourth ventricle adds more ___.
6. CSF flows out two ___and one ____.
7. CSF fills ____ and bathes external surfaces of ___ and _____.
8. At arachnoid granulations, CSF is reabsorbed into _____.
1. choroid plexus, lateral ventricle
2. interventricular foramina, third ventricle
3. Choroid plexus
4. cerebral aqueduct
5. Choroid plexus, CSF
6. lateral apertures, median aperture
7. subarachnoid space, brain, spinal cord
8. venous blood of dural venous sinuses
32
The _____make about 500 mL of CSF a day
choroid plexi
33
BUT volume of CSF is usually _____
100-160 mL
34
CSF is absorbed by the ____ and returned the the blood
arachnoid membrane
35
CSF is absorbed when the _____. This system ensures that there is enough CSF to function but not too much CSF that could damage the brain
pressure reaches a certain point.
36
Brain is made up of 4 regions
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
37
What region makes up 80% of the brain?
Cerebrum
38
The cerebrum is made up of 2 hemispheres. Each hemisphere is divided into ____
5 lobes
39
Centers for circulatory and respiratory control
| Sensory and motor functions for head and neck
Medulla oblongata
40
Facial sensation and expression
| Control of chewing, respiration, and sleep
Pons
41
Superior colliculus for visual attention
| Inferior colliculus for auditory attention
Midbrain
42
The hindbrain is the
Medulla oblongata and the pons
43
Why can we have a conversation in a crowded place
IThe midbrain has inferior colliculus for auditory attention
44
Sleep and consciousness
| Varied sensory, motor, and involuntary functions
Reticular formation
45
Muscular coordination and fine motor control
Cerebellum
46
The ____ connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord
Brainstem
47
The three regions of the brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
48
All communication between brain and spinal cord involves tracts through the _______
Medulla Oblongata
49
Medulla Oblongata extends______
fom foramen magnum to pons
50
Three centers of the Medulla Oblongata
Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center
51
Heart’s rate and strength of contraction
Cardiac center
52
Blood pressure control by vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Vasomotor center
53
regulates respiration rate
Respiratory center:
54
Other nuclei in medulla oblongata involved in
coughing, sneezing, salivating, swallowing, gagging and vomiting
55
Four pairs of cranial nerves attach to the medulla oblongata
VIII—vestibulocochlear nerve
IX—glossopharyngeal nerve
X—vagus nerve
XII—hypoglossal nerve
56
Sensory and motor tracts that connect the brain to the spinal cord
Autonomic respiratory centers regulate the rate and depth of breathing
Fourth ventricle in the posterior
Pons
57
Pons contains the nuclei of cranial nerves
V—trigeminal nerve
VI—abducens nerve
VII—facial nerve
58
Superior colliculus for visual attention
| Inferior colliculus for auditory attention
Midbrain
59
Midbrain contains the nuclei of cranial nerves
III—oculomotor nerve
| IV—trochlear
60
Web of gray matter that runs through all levels of brainstem
The Reticular Formation
61
Functions of the Reticular Formation
Somatic motor control
Cardiovascular control
Sleep and consciousness
62
Purpose of the Cerebellum
Receives proprioceptive input and makes fine scale adjustments
Fine motor skills (fine tunes movements initiated by the cerebrum)
Integrates and recalibrates information from the cerebrum
63
where your body is in space
Proprioception
64
Two regions of the cerebullum
gray cortex, internal white matter (arbor vitae)
65
arbor vitae
Tree of light
66
The excessive consumption of alcohol can effect ____
cerebellar function
67
How excessive consumption of alcohol can effect cerebellar function
Loss of proprioreception (fingers to the nose)
Walking “funny”
Loss of posture ex: standing on 1 foot
68
Part of the Forebrain
| Surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
The Diencephalon
69
Three divisions that surround the third ventricle of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
70
The in-between brain:
Epithalamus (on/around the thalamus)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus (beneath the thalamus)
71
Gateway to cerebral cortex
Thalamus
72
Paired oval structures just lateral to the midline (around the third ventricle)
Acts as a filter for somatosensory information
Thalamus
73
How does the thalamus act as a filter for somatosensory information
Directs sensory info to the correct cerebrum location
| Also sends information about where the sensation is coming from
74
All information coming from the body to the brain goes first through the ______
thalamus (except olfaction)
75
Thalamus may____ information heading to the cerebral cortex
edit, amplify or diminish
76
Master control over autonomic nervous system
| Master control of endocrine system (hormones)
Hypothalamus
77
Nuclei in the hypothalamus control:
Regulation of body temperature
Control of emotional behavior (pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment, sex drive)
Control of food intake (nutrient levels, drives hunger)
Control of water intake (salt levels, control urine and thirst)
78
Forms part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle
| Major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
The Hypothalamus
79
In the Hypothalamus____projects inferiorly
Pituitary gland projects inferiorly
80
Thin roof over the third ventricle
Epithalamus
81
Endocrine gland that controls day/night regulation using hormone melatonin
Pineal gland
82
In epithalmus the ___ are involved in developing fear or aversion
nuclei
83
The two Cerebral Hemispheres Physically separate from each other except where joined by _____
Tracts
84
Largest of the tracts is _____
corpus callosum
85
The hemispheres are mostly mirror images, except some language function, localized primarily to the______
left hemisphere
86
Each hemisphere receives input from and controls the opposite side of the body (_____)
contralaterally
87
Memory and consciousness can or cannot be located to a specific region
cannot
88
Type of cerebral tissue that has cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
Gray matter
89
Type of cerebral tissue that has myelinated axons
White matter
90
white matter is deep to the gray matter. Gray matter is called ___ (outer portion)
Cortex
91
There are deep clusters of gray matter called ______(ganglia, but in CNS)
basal nuclei
92
Lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
```
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
```
93
Lobe of the cerebrum
From frontal bone to central sulcus
Cognition, speech, and motor control
Frontal lobe
94
Lobe of the cerebrum
From central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus
Interprets signals of general senses and taste
Parietal lobe
95
Lobe of the cerebrum
From parieto-occipital sulcus to occipital bone
Principal visual center
Occipital lobe
96
Lobe of the cerebrum
From temporal bone to lateral sulcus
Hearing, smell, learning, and memory
Temporal lobe
97
Lobe of the cerebrum
Deep to lateral sulcus
Taste, visceral sensation, and language
Insula (new lobe)
98
The cerebrum is the location of:
```
thought/consciousness/intellect
Reasoning
Language
Memory
Judgment
Voluntary motor
Visual integration
Auditory integration
```
99
______is carried out in gray matter of the cerebrum
Neural integration
100
Cerebral gray matter includes
Cerebral cortex (Includes lobes of the brain)
Limbic system
Basal nuclei
101
White matter:
Deep or superficial to gray matter
The myelinated axons of neurons travel below the gray matter in the central white matter
They are bundled into ____ that traverse parts of the brain
Deep
| tracts
102
In cerebral white matter ____ tracts:
| Travel vertically to carry information between cerebrum and rest of body
Projection
103
In cerebral white matter ____ tracts
Commissures cross between two hemispheres
Corpus callosum is largest
Commissural
104
In cerebral white matter ____ tracts
| Connect regions within same hemisphere
Association
105
90% of the cerebral cortex is the ___(“recently” evolved)
Neocortex
106
When we talk about the lobes to the brainfunctionally, we are generally talking about the _____
Neocortex
107
The “emotional brain”
| A collection of deep brain structures that regulate emotions, memories and emotional responses to sensory stimuli
Limbic System
108
Fear center. Processes fear and coordinates appropriate nervous system response. Recognizes menacing facial expression.
Amygdala
109
forms, consolidates and retrieves memories
Hippocampus
110
Limbic system connects to the reticular formation to ____ (i.e. tense muscles, high blood pressure, rapid heart beat, nausea)
coordinate physical responses to fear, emotion and memory
111
In the limbic system_____functions in spatial memories
Hippocampus
112
In the limbic system the ____ and ___function together to make calculated decisions based on past experiences
Hippocampus, amygdala
113
Deep masses of cerebral gray matter
| Involved in motor control
Basal Nuclei
114
_____displays anatomical specificity for function
Cerebral cortex
115
Each primary sensory cortex
Has an association area (white matter) that processes sensory information
116
______is first cortical region to receive input for that sense (i.e. visual, auditory, gustatory, sematosensory)
Primary sensory cortex
117
_____signals motor commands
Primary sensory cortex
118
Integrates and processes information
Any cortical area that is not primary
Interpretation of sensations, thought, memory, and motor planning
Association cortex
119
Integrative Brain Functions
Primary cortex, Association cortex
120
The Cerebral Cortex—Information Processing
Sensory information received by primary sensory cortex
Information relayed to sensory association area
Motor plan enacted and relayed via motor neurons
121
Cerebral Lobes and Functions: Olfactory and auditory information
Temporal
122
Cerebral Lobes and Functions:
Primary visual cortex-receives visual input
Other functions-interprets visual input and associated memories
Occipital
123
Cerebral Lobes and Functions:
Taste
Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas: generation of words, recognition and understanding of spoken words
Insula
124
(postcentral gyrus) receive sensory input (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
Primary somatosensory cortex
125
interprets sensory info, language, combining visual, auditory and sensory info, verbal expression
Other functions of the parietal lobe
126
a body map. Size of homunculus represents amount of cortical tissue devoted to that region (not the size of the region itself)
The Primary Somatosensory Cortex-(Postcentral Gyrus)Exhibits somatotopy
127
_____contains primary somatosensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus
128
______plans and coordinates skeletal muscle movement
Premotor cortex
129
_____precentral gyrus) skeletal muscle activity
Primary motor cortex
130
_____Left hemisphere only! Coordinates motor activity for speech
Broca’s Area
131
______personality, cognition, decision making, planning, recall of object names
Other functions of the Cortical regions of the Frontal Lobe
132
______ is primary motor cortex
| Contains upper motor neurons that control contralateral muscles. Somatotopic
The Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus)
133
Language
Wernicke area, Broca area
134
Posterior to lateral sulcus of left brain
| Recognition of written and spoken language
Wernicke area
135
Inferior prefrontal cortex of left brain
| Speech formation
Broca area
136
Emotion
Several areas involved
| Amygdala outputs to hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex
137
Acquire and use knowledge
Association areas of cortex
Least understood, most complex
Cognition
138
Memory
Limbic areas involved
Amygdala creates emotional memories
Hippocampus consolidates long-term memories
139
Hemisphere specificity for language, analytical reasoning, details
Left
140
Hemisphere specificity for visual-spatial patterning, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills
big picture, holistic integration
Right
141
Communication and integration is possible through (biggest commissural tract)
corpus callosum
142
Olfactory (I)
Sensory for Smell
| Location: cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
143
Optic (II)
Sensory for Sight
| Location: big X on underside of cerebrum, from retina to thalamus
144
Oculomotor (III)
Motor for Eye Movement
| Location: midbrain to muscles deep to eyeball
145
Trochlear (IV)
Motor for Eye Movement
| Location: lateral midbrain (very small and hard to find)
146
Trigeminal (V)
BOTH: Sensory in the face; Motor for Muscles that Masticate (chew)
Location: originates in pons, branches throughout face
147
Abducens (VI)
Motor for eye Movement
| Location: originates in pons, to eyeball
148
Facial (VII)
BOTH: Sensory for taste; Motor for muscles of the face; Motor for making tears and saliva
Location: Originates in pons, branches throughout face
149
Vestibuloccochlear (VIII)
Sensory for sound and balance
| Location: originates in medulla to ear
150
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
BOTH: Sensory for taste and blood pressure; Motor for swallowing
Location: originates in medulla to tongue and carotid sinus (carotid artery)
151
Vagus (X)
Vagus to the viscera; BOTH sensory for visceral sensation and motor to smooth and cardiac muscle
Location: Originates in medulla oblongata to visceral organs in the thorax
152
Accessory (XI)
Mostly motor to muscles of neck and back, swallowing and moving head
Location: originates in medulla goes to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
153
Hypoglossal (XII)
Motor to move the tongue
| Location: medulla to tongue
