Lab-Muscle Tissue Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
A and I bands refract polarized light differently. A bands are ________
A
Ansiotropic
2
Q
A and I bands refract polarized light differently. I bands are ________
A
Isotropic
3
Q
A springlike molecule that extends from the z disc to thick filaments to the M line
A
Titin
4
Q
Two functions of titin
A
1) Holds thick filaments in place
2) Unfolds when muscle is stretched
5
Q
Two types of contraction:
A
1) Concentric contraction
2) Eccentric contraction
6
Q
Type of contraction where muscles shorten to do work
A
Concentric contraction
7
Q
What type of contraction explains the sliding filament mechanism?
A
Concentric contraction
8
Q
Contraction where muscle generates force as it lengthens. Muscle acts as a “break” to resist gravity.
A
Eccentric contraction
9
Q
The “down” portion of a push up is an example of what type of contraction?
A
Eccentric contraction
10
Q
Muscle is stretched by a movement that is opposite of the movement the muscle normally produces
A
Muscle extension
11
Q
The greatest contraction force is produced when a muscle fibers starts out as _______
A
slightly stretched
12
Q
Why does the greatest contraction for occur when the muscle fibers start out as slightly stretched?
A
Myosin heads can pull along the entire length of the thin filaments
13
Q
Located at the end of axons and store neurotransmitters
A
Terminal boutons (axon terminal)
14
Q
Arthro
A
Joint
15
Q
Types of classifications of joints
A
1) Functional classification
2) Structural classification
16
Q
Classification of a joint based on the amount of movement
A
Functional classification
17
Q
Types of functional classifications of a joint
A
1) Synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthroses
3) Diarthroses
18
Q
Immovable joint, common in axial skeleton
A
Synarthrosis, type of functional classification of a joint
19
Q
Slightly movable joint, common in axial skeleton
A
Amphiarthroses
20
Q
Freely movable joint, common in appendicular skeleton (all synovial joints)
A
Diarthroses
21
Q
Structural classification is based on
A
1) Material that binds bones together
2) Presence or absence of a joint cavity
22
Q
Structural classifications include:
A
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
23
Q
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial are examples of what type of joint classification?
A
Structural classification
24
Q
Three types of fibrous joints
A
1) Suture (short fibers)
2) Syndesmosis (longer fibers)
3) Gomphosis (periodontal ligament)
25
Functional classification of three types of fibrous joints:
1) Suture
2) Syndesmosis
3) Gomphosis
1) Immobile (synarthrosis)
2) Slightly mobile (amphiathroses) and immobile
3) Immobile (synarthrosis)
26
Adjoining bones united by collagenic fibers. No joint cavity
Fibrous joints
27
Adjoining bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity
Cartilaginous joints
28
Types of cartilaginous joints
1) Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)
| 2) Symphysis (fibrocartilage)
29
Functional classification of two types of cartilaginous joints
1) synchondrosis
2) symphysis
1) Immobile (synarthrosis)
| 2) Slightly movable (amphiathroses)
30
Adjoining bones separated by joint cavity, covered with articular cartilage, and enclosed within articular capsule lined with synovial membrane
Synovial joint
31
Types of synovial joints
Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
32
Functional classification of synovial joints
Freely movable (diarthrosis)
33
Type of fibrous joint that occurs only between the bones of the skull
Sutures
34
What do sutures allow?
Allow bone growth so the skull can expand with the brain in during childhood
35
Close sutures
Synostoses
36
When does the fibrous tissue in sutures ossify?
Middle age
37
Syndesmoses are fibrous joints connected exclusively by __________
Ligaments
38
In syndesmoses joints, the amount of movement depends on ______
the length of the fibers
39
Type of syndesmoses joints and function
Tibiofibular joint-immovable synarthrosis
| Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius-freely movable diarthrosis
40
Tooth in socket joint is an example of _____
Gomphoses
41
The connecting ligament in a gomphoses joint is the ____
periodontal ligament
42
Cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage unites bones
Synchondroses
43
Examples of synchondroses joints
Epiphyseal plates
| Joints between first rib and manubrium
44
Cartilaginous joint where fibrocartilage unites bones, resists tension and compression
Symphyses
45
Slightly movable joints of symphyses provide _____ with _____
Strength with flexibility
46
Examples of symphyses joints
Intervertebral discs
| Pubic symphysis
47
What is the most movable type of joint?
Synovial
48
Each synovial joint contains a _______ joint cavity
fluid filled
49
General structure of a synovial joints includes:
Articular cartilage
Joint (articular) cavity
Articular capsule (fibrous layer and synovial membrane)
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular)
50
Feature of a synovial joint
Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
Absorbs compression
Articular cartilage
51
A potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid
Joint (articular) cavity
52
The joint (articular) cavity is unique to?
The synovial joint
53
The joint cavity of the synovial joint is enclose in a two layered capsule called the
Articular capsule
54
The two layers of the articular capsule
1) Fibrous layer
| 2) Synovial membrane
55
The fibrous layer of the articular capsule is made of ______ tissue, which strengthens the joint
dense irregular connective tissue
56
The synovial membrane of the articular capsule is made of ______ tissue
loose connective tissue
57
The synovial membrane lines the _____ and covers______
joint capsule
| internal joint surfaces
58
What functions to make synovial fluid?
The synovial membrane
59
What is a viscous fluid similar to raw egg white that arises from capillaries in the synovial membrane?
Synovial fluid
60
Synovial fluid is:
A filtrate of ____
Contains ________ molecules secreted by _______
Blood
| Glycoprotein, fibroblasts
61
What is it called when pressure on joints squeezes synovial fluid into and out of articular cartilage?
Weeping lubrication
62
What are thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint?
Reinforcing ligaments
63
Two types of reinforcing ligaments
Extracapsular ligaments-located outside the capsule
| Intracapsular ligaments-located inside the capsule
64
What occurs in a synovial joint whose articulating bones have somewhat different shapes?
Articular discs
65
Where do articular discs occur?
Temporomandibular joint
| Knee joint
66
How do synovial joints function?
They are lubricating devices
67
Closed bags of lubricant that reduce friction between body elements
Bursae and tendon sheath
68
A flattened sac lined by synovial membrane that reduces friction between body elements
Bursae
69
An elongated bursae that wraps around a tendon
Tendon sheath
70
Movements allowed by the synovial joints
Gliding
Angular movement
Rotation
71
Movement where the flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other
Gliding
72
Gliding occurs:
Carpals, articular processes of vertebrae, tarsals
73
Movements that increase or decrease the angle between bones
Angular movements
74
Types of angular movements
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Circumduction
75
Involves turning movement of a bone around it longitudinal axis
Rotation
76
Only movement allowed between atlas and axis vertebrae
Rotation
77
What type of movement occurs at hip and shoulder joints?
Rotation
78
Movement of lifting an body part superiorly
Elevation
79
Moving the elevated part inferiorly
Depression
80
Non-angular movement anteriorly
Protraction
81
Non-angular movement posteriorly
Retraction
82
Movement where the forearm rotates laterally and palm faces anteriorly
Supination
83
Forearm rotates medially, palm faces posteriorly, brings radius across ulna
Pronation
84
Thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the other fingers (for example, like making the okay sign)
Opposition
85
Movement that turns sole of the foot medially
Inversion
86
Movement that turns sole of the foot laterally
Eversion
87
Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin (flexing toes up)
Dorsiflexion
88
Depressing the foot, elevating the heel (pointing toes down)
Plantar flexion
89
Shape of synovial joint where articular surfaces are flat planes. Short gliding movement allowed.
Plane joints
90
Examples of plane joints
Intertarsal and intercarpal joints
91
Nonaxial
Gliding does not involve rotation around any axis
92
Plane joint movements are ______
Nonaxial
93
Shape of synovial joint where cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough of another bone. Angular movement is allowed on one plane.
Hinge joint
94
Examples of hinge joints
Elbow, ankle, joints between phalanges
95
Hinge joint and pivot joint movements are ______
Uniaxial
96
Uniaxial
Allows movement around one axis only
97
Shape of synovial joint where rotating bone only turns around its long axis
Pivot joint
98
Types of pivot joints
Proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
99
Shape of synovial joint where each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces
Saddle joint
100
The side to side movement of a saddle joint allows for:
Abduction and adduction
101
The back and forth movement of a saddle joint allows for:
Flexion and extension
102
Examples of saddle joints
First carpometacarpal joint that allows opposition of the thumb
103
Saddle joint movements are _____
Biaxial
104
Shape of synovial joint where spherical head of one bones fits into round socket of another bone
Ball and socket
105
Examples of ball and socket joints:
Shoulder joints
| Hip joints
106
Multiaxial
Allow movement in all axis
107
Ball and socket joints are _______
Multiaxial
108
Factors influencing the stability of synovial joints
Articular surfaces, ligaments, muscle tone
109
Shapes of _________ determine movements possible for hip joints, elbow joints and ankle
Articulating surfaces
110
Influence stability of synovial joints by preventing excessive motions
Capsules and ligaments
111
Ligaments on medial or inferior side of a joint prevent:
Excessive abduction
112
Ligaments located lateral or superiorly resist:
Adduction
113
Ligaments on anterior side of a joint resist:
Extension and lateral rotation
114
Ligaments on a posterior side of a joint resist:
Flexion and medial rotation
115
More ligaments means the joint is ____ and more _____
stronger and stable
116
Influence the stability of synovial joints by stabilizing joints by keeping tension on tendons
Muscle Tone
117
Where is muscle tone important
Shoulder and knee joints
| Supporting joints in arches of foot
118
A modified hinge joint where the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous temporal bone
Temporomandibular joint
119
The two surfaces of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint allows
1) Hingelike movement
| 2) Gliding of the superior surface anteriorly
120
Lateral exursion of the the temporomandibular joints in a ______ movement
side to side
121
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Saddle joint
122
Four ligaments that surround the stenoclavicular joint
Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Interclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament
123
What is the most freely movable joint
Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
124
In the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint, the articular capsule is ___ and ____. This joint lacks_____.
Thin and loose
| stability
125
What contributes stability to the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
Muscle tendons
126
The _____ is made up of four muscles and their associated tendons. Common should injuries.
Rotator cuff
127
Four muscles and associated tendons in the rotator cuff
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
128
Articulation of humerus with the trochlear notch of the ulna forms the hinge of this joint
Elbow joint
129
What two types of movement does the elbow joint allow?
Flexion and extension
130
Tendons of ____ and ______ provide stability to the elbow joint
biceps and triceps brachii
131
The wrist joint is stabilized by _____ ligaments
numerous
132
What two joints is the wrist joint comprised of?
Radiocarpal joint
| Intercarpal joint
133
Joint between the radius and proximal carpals (the scaphoid and lunate)
Radiocarpal joint
134
The radiocarpal joint allows for what movement
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
135
The joint between the proximal and distal rows or carpals
Intercarpal joint
136
Allows for _____ movement
Gliding
137
Joint where the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
Hip joint
138
The hip joint is a ______ joint
Ball and socket
139
Stability (and limitations in movement) mostly comes from the _____ and _____. It somewhat comes from _____
Acetabulum and capsular ligaments
| Muscle tendons
140
What is the largest and most complex joint?
Knee joint
141
The knee joint is primarily a ____ joint, but has capacity for rotation when the leg is _____
Hinge joint
| flexed
142
The knee joint is structurally considered ____ and ____
Compound and bicondyloid
143
Two ______ occur within the joint cavity
fibrocartilage menisci
144
What joint shares the joint cavity with the knee joint and allows the patella to slide across the distal femur?
Femoropatellar joint
145
The capsule of the knee joint covers the ____and ____ aspects of the knee. Also covers the ____ and _____ condyles.
posterior and lateral
| tibial and femoral condyles
146
The anterior aspect of the knee is covered by three ligaments:
Patellar ligament
| Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
147
The ligaments of the knee joint become ____ when the knee is extended
Taut
148
Extracapsular and capsular ligaments of the knee joint:
Fibular and tibial collateral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
149
Intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint:
Anterior cruciate ligament
| Posterior cruciate ligament
150
Each cruciate ligament runs from the ____ to the _____.
Proximal tibia to the distal femur
151
The anterior cruciate ligament is ____ to the posterior cruciate ligament
Inferior
152
Prevents undesirable movements at the knee
Cruciate ligaments
153
Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia
Anterior cruciate ligament
154
Prevents sliding forward of the femur or backward displacement of the tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament
155
The ankle joint is a hinge between:
United inferior ends of the tibia and fibula
| The talus of the foot
156
The ankle joint allows the movements______ and _____ only.
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
157
The ankle joint is medially and laterally stabilized by ligaments:
Medial (deltoid) ligament
| Lateral ligament
158
Inferior end if tibia and fibula are joined by ligaments:
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
