Spinal Cord

Question 1

All sensory and motor connections between the brain and the rest of the body (except the cranial nerves) travel through the _____

Answer 1

Spinal cord

Question 2

Some nervous activity does not involve the brain but is completely contained by neurons within and branching out of the spinal cord

Answer 2

Reflexes

Question 3

The spinal cord passes through the ____ of the vertebrae

Answer 3

Vertebral foramen

Question 4

Pairs of ____ exit at each level of the spinal cord

Answer 4

Spinal nerves

Question 5

Regions are named by _____

Answer 5

Where spinal nerves exit (roughly correlates with the regions of the spine)

Question 6

Pairs of nerves in reach region:
Cervical
Thoracic 
Lumbar
Sacral 
Coccygeal

Answer 6

C-8 pairs
T-12 pairs
L-5 pairs
S-5 pairs
C-1 pair

Question 7

Spinal cord functions where sensory information ascends and motor commands descent

Answer 7

Conduction

Question 8

Spindal cord function of processing information from diverse sources

Answer 8

Neural integration

Question 9

Spinal cord functions where central pattern generators (neural networks) coordinate simple repetitive movements

Answer 9

Locomotion

Question 10

Spinal cord function involving involuntary stereotyped reponses to stimuli

Answer 10

Reflexes

Question 11

The spinal cord end at _____

Answer 11

the L1 vertebrae

Question 12

After the L1 vertebra a group of axons continue down the vertebral column-called ______ that innervates ____ and _____

Answer 12

Cauda equina (horse’s tail)
Pelvic viscera
lower limbs

Question 13

Spinal cord meninges (continuous with brain meninges), superficial to deep

Answer 13

Vertebra
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Suarachnoid space
Pia mater
CN tissue (brain or spinal cord)

Question 14

Spinal meninges with:
Tough outer layer
Epidural space
Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 14

Dural mater=dural sheath around cord

Question 15

Spinal meninges:
Middle layer
Subarachnoid space with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 15

Arachnoid layer

Question 16

Spinal meninges:
Delicate, inner layer
1-2 layer of squamous cells

Answer 16

Pia mater

Question 17

In the brain, grey matter is ____ to white matter

Answer 17

superficial

Question 18

In the brain, grey matter is superficial to white matter except for ____ that lie deep to white matter

Answer 18

nuclei

Question 19

In the spinal cord white is _____ to grey

Answer 19

superficial

Question 20

Grey matter:
Contains ____myelin
___ posterior (dorsal horns) containing ____
___ anterior (ventral horns)
___ lateral horns within _____ and _____ regions

Answer 20

Little
Two, interneurons
Two
Two, thoracic, lumbar

Question 21

White matter:
\_\_\_\_ axons
\_\_\_ pairs of columns in the spinal cord containing tracts
1
2
3

Answer 21

Myelinated
Three
1. Posterior (dorsal)
2. Lateral
3. Anterior (ventral)

Question 22

In grey matter-Axons of sensory (afferent) neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

Answer 22

Posterior horns

Question 23

In grey matter-somas of autonomic motor neurons and somatic motor neurons

Answer 23

Lateral neurons

Question 24

Lateral horns are found in the ___ and ____ regions only

Answer 24

Thoracic, lumbar

Question 25

In grey matter-cell bodies of somatic (efferent) motor neurons

Answer 25

Anterior horns

Question 26

Dorsal horns are always ____, ventral horns are ____ and ____

Answer 26

Pointed | Fatter, rounded

Question 27

Cable-like bundles of axons wrapped by connective tissue in the PNS Cable-like bundles of axons wrapped by connective tissue in the CNS

Answer 27

Nerves | Tracts

Question 28

Nerve: _____wraps one axon (loose connective tissue) ____wraps a fasicle of axons (epithelial tissue) _____wraps entire nerve (dense irregular connective tissue)

Answer 28

Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium

Question 29

______ carry sensory info to brain, wheras _____ carry motor info from brain

Answer 29

Ascending tracts | Descending tracts

Question 30

The first neuron is called the ____ The second neuron is called the ____ The third neuron is called the ____

Answer 30

First order neuron Second order neuron Third order neuron

Question 31

Sensory (afferent) pathways carry sensations from the ____ to the _____

Answer 31

Periphery | Brain

Question 32

Sensory (afferent) pathways typically involve __ neurons

Answer 32

3

Question 33

Sensory (afferent) pathways passes through the ____

Answer 33

Thalamus

Question 34

What neurons receive input in the skin and conducts signal to peripheral ganglion to the brainstem

Answer 34

First order neurons

Question 35

What neurons signals from the brainstem to the thalmus

Answer 35

Second order neurons

Question 36

What neurons conduct signal from the thalmus to the primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 36

Third order neurons

Question 37

The motor pathways have how many neurons

Answer 37

2 neurons: upper and lower

Question 38

Crossing from left to right and vice versa (i.e. left hemisphere of the brain receives sensory information from the right side of the body)

Answer 38

Decussation

Question 39

Out covering of a nerve

Answer 39

Epineurium

Question 40

Nerve is bundles of axons called ____, surrounded by _____

Answer 40

Fascicles | Perineurium

Question 41

Each axon of a nerve fasicle is covered by ____

Answer 41

Endoneurium

Question 42

Clusters of cell bodies found outside the brain and spinal cord

Answer 42

Ganglia

Question 43

Clusters of cell bodies within the CNS

Answer 43

Nuclei

Question 44

Soma of the sensory (afferent) neurons are found in _____

Answer 44

The posterior root ganglion

Question 45

Nerves arise from the spinal cord as small bundles of axons called ____

Answer 45

Rootlets

Question 46

Rootlets join together to form bigger ____ of spinal nerve

Answer 46

Roots

Question 47

Distally, spinal nerve splits into two branches called:

Answer 47

Rami: Posterior ramus Anterior ramus

Question 48

Innervates errector spinae muscles and posterior integument

Answer 48

Posterior ramus

Question 49

Splits into multiple other branches that innervates everything else

Answer 49

Anterior ramus

Question 50

Sometimes another ramus can branch off the spinal nerve called a _____-contain axons of the automic NS

Answer 50

Communicating rami

Question 51

Proximal spinal nerve branches: | Distal spinal nerve branches:

Answer 51

``` Posterior root (posterior root ganglion), anterior root Posterior ramus, anterior ramus ```

Question 52

In the thorax, the anterior ramus becomes the ____

Answer 52

Intercostal nerve

Question 53

The anterior ramus and the posterior ramus join to become the ______

Answer 53

Spinal nerve

Question 54

The spinal nerve is a mix of ____and ___ fibers

Answer 54

Afferent and efferent

Question 55

Plexus

Answer 55

Braid

Question 56

Sometimes the anterior rami of spinal nerves branch and merge to form a ______

Answer 56

Plexus

Question 57

Large nerves split off from the plexus to innervate muscles:

Answer 57

Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus

Question 58

Properties of a reflex

Answer 58

Requires stimulation Quick Involuntary Sterotyped

Question 59

Visceral reflex is for

Answer 59

Glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Question 60

Visceral reflex is controlled by the

Answer 60

Autonomic nervous system

Question 61

Somatic reflex is for

Answer 61

Skeletal muscles

Question 62

Somatic reflex is controlled by the

Answer 62

Somatic nervous system

Question 63

Pupil dilation, defication, vomiting is

Answer 63

Visceral reflex=autonomic nervous system

Question 64

Knee-jerk reaction

Answer 64

Somatic reflex=somatic nervous system

Question 65

The knee jerk reflex is an example of a ____ reflex

Answer 65

Monosynaptic reflex

Question 66

Reflexes that include interneurons int he CNS are called ____reflexes

Answer 66

Polysynatic reflexes

Question 67

Reflex Arc

Answer 67

1. Somatic receptors 2. Afferent nerve muscles 3. Integrating center 4. Efferent nerve fibers 5. Skeletal muscles