abnormal accumulation of waste materials that are acidic, often a symptom of diabetes mellitus; acidosis also may be caused by respiratory or kidney disorders
acidosis
abnormal protrusion of the eyes
exophthalmos
abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a tumor, lack of iodine in diet, or infection
goiter
abnormal increase in hormone production; often the result of an inherited disease or a tumor
hypersecretion
abnormal decrease in hormone production, which often occurs when an endocrine gland suffers trauma due to injury or infection; also may be caused by an inherited disorder or tumor
hyposecretion
excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood & urine, which is a symptom of abnormal metabolism of fats seen in uncontrolled diabetes & starvation AKA ketoacidosis
ketosis
excessive thirst
polydipsia
excretion of abnormally large volumes of urine
polyuria
enlargement of bone structure most prominent in the face & hands; results in disfigurement & is caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland after puberty
acromegaly
chronic syndrome caused by hyposecretion of the adrenal corext; characterized by darkening of the skin, loss of appetite, mental depression, & muscle weakness
Addison’s disease
inflammation of a gland
adenitis
abnormal condition of a gland
adenosis
excessive production of androgen (male sex hormone) by the adrenal cortex; usually caused by adrenal hyperplasia or a tumor in adult women; symptoms include masculinization
adrenal virilism
inflammation of the adrenal gland
adrenalitis
abnormal development of the adrenal cortex; results in its excessive size & hypersecretion of its hormones
adrenocorticohyperplasia
abnormal enlargement of the adrenal glands
adrenomegaly
general disease of the adrenal gland
adrenopathy
deficiency of calcium AKA hypocalcemia
calcipenia
congenital hypothyroidism in children; results in reduced mental development & dwarfed physical stature
cretinism
syndrome that results from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex; characterized by obesity, moon face, hyperglycemia, & muscle weakness
Cushing’s syndrome
DI: caused by hyposecretion of ADH by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland w/ symptoms that include polydipsia & polyuria
diabetes insipidus
DM: chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism; includes type 1, which requires hormone replacement therapy w/ insulin, & type 2, which can usually be managed w/ diet & exercise programs
diabetes mellitus
general disease of the endocrine system
endocrinopathy
presence of excessive body hair; in women, it is caused by the hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex
hirsutism
abnormally high calcium levels in the blood
hypercalcemia
abnormally high glucose levels in the blood
hyperglycemia
excessive amounts of insulin in the blood; results in low levels of sugar in the blood, fainting, & convulsions
hyperinsulinism
abnormally high potassium levels in the blood
hyperkalemia
hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually due to a tumor
hyperparathyroidism
hypersecretion of the thyroid gland, which is characterized by exophthalmos, goiter, rapid heart rate, & weight loss AKA Graves’ disease or thyrotoxicosis
hyperthyroidism
abnormally low calcium levels in the blood
hypocalcemia
abnormally low blood sugar levels
hypoglycemia
abnormally low potassium levels in the blood
hypokalemia
abnormally low sodium levels in the blood
hyponatremia
hyposecretion of the parathyroid gland
hypoparathyroidism
hyposecretion of the thyroid gland; characterized by slow heart rate, dry skin, low energy, & weight gain
hypothyroidism
advanced hypothyroidism in adults w/ the characteristics of low energy, swollen hands & face, & dry skin
myxedema
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
tumor of the parathyroid gland
parathyroidoma
caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland at an early age, it slows growth & causes a short but proportional stature; congenital condition that can be treated during childhood w/ growth hormone therapy
pituitary dwarfism
caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone that begins before puberty; leads to abnormally increased growth of bones to produce a very large stature
pituitary gigantism
disorder w/ an array of symptoms & involves multiple organs
syndrome
caused by a deficiency of parathyroid hormone; the low calcium levels in the blood lead to excitation of nerves & muscle spasms
tetany
condition that results from excessive thyroid hormone levels
thyrotoxicosis
surgical excision of the adrenal gland
adrenalectomy
physician who specializes in the treatment of endocrine disorders
endocrinologist
field of medicine that focuses on the study & treatment of endocrine disorders
endocrinology
FBS: diagnostic test to determine blood sugar levels following a 12-hr fast; extreme variation in blood sugar is an indication of diabetes mellitus
fasting blood sugar
GTT: diagnostic test to confirm diagnosis of DM & to determine other abnormalities in glucose metabolism; usually follows an FBS - pt is given glucose then at timed intervals, blood samples are taken & glucose levels determined & charted
glucose tolerance test
HRT: use of a drug that replaces a hormone to correct a hormone deficiency
hormone replacement therapy
surgical excision of one or more parathyroid glands
parathyroidectomy
PPBS: measurement of blood sugar levels over two hrs after a meal
postprandial blood sugar
RAIU: diagnostic procedure that measures thyroid function, in which radioactive iodine uptake into the thyroid gland is measured
radioactive iodine uptake
use of radioactive iodine to treat a disease of the thyroid gland, such as a thyroid tumor
radioiodine therapy
diagnostic procedure that records an image of the thyroid gland following the oral administration of a labeled substance, usually iodine; used to detect thyroid tumors
thyroid scan
surgical excision of the thyroid gland
thyroidectomy
incision into the thyroid gland
thyroidotomy
surgical excision of the thyroid & parathyroid glands
thyroparathyroidectomy
direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the blood to determine hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
thyroxine test