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Bio 432 > Environment (Light) and Breast Cancer - Final Exam > Flashcards

Environment (Light) and Breast Cancer - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How much wavelength is needed to create serotonin?

A

480nm

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2
Q

How much wavelength of UVB is needed to make vitamin D?

A

295nm

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3
Q

What has to be absent in order to make serotonin?

A

Melatonin

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4
Q

What inhibits the production of melatonin?

A

Light

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5
Q

Can you make vitamin D inside?

A

No

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6
Q

What 2 factors effect duration and intensity of light source?

A
  1. Different seasons

2. Geography

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7
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Are physical, mental and behavioural changes that follow a roughly 24hr cycle

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8
Q

What does the circadian rhythm respond to?

A

Light and darkness in an organisms environment

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9
Q

Where can you find circadian rhythms?

A
  1. Animals
  2. Plants
  3. Many tiny microbes
    - -> most living things
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10
Q

What is the study of circadian rhythm called?

A

Chronobiology

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11
Q

What is light?

A

An influential environmental agent

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12
Q

What 2 pathways does light act on the body with?

A
  1. Primary optic tract
    - -> governs visual perception and responses
  2. Retinohypothalamic tract
    - -> governs circadian, endocrine and neurobehavioral
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13
Q

What light is retinohypothalamic tract most sensitive to? What is its wavelength?

A

Blue light

- 459-485nm

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14
Q

What does light signal through?

A

Melanopsin protein that undergoes a chemical change when exposed to light received by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the back of the eye

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15
Q

What are 10 acute biological/ behavioural effects on the retinohypothalamic tract?

A
  1. Melatonin secretion
  2. Body temperature
  3. Cortisol secretion
  4. Heart rate
  5. Alertness
  6. Cognitive performance
  7. Psychological performance
  8. Brain bloodflow
  9. EEG responses
  10. Clock gene expression
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16
Q

What are 2 long term biological/ behavioural effects on the retinohypothalamic tract?

A
  1. Circadian regulation

2. Light therapy

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17
Q

What are 10 health effects of circadian clock deregulation?

A
  1. Insomnia and sleep disorders
  2. Reduced alertness
  3. Poor cognitive and motor function
  4. Depression, bipolar disorder and seasonal affective disorder
  5. Cardiovascular disease
  6. Altered hormone levels
  7. Obesity
  8. Early onset diabetes
  9. Altered immune function
  10. Cancer –> breast, prostate and colon
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18
Q

What are 6 hormones relating to breast cancer and the hypothalamus exposure to light?

A
  1. GnRH
  2. Estrogen
  3. Progesterone
  4. Melatonin
  5. Serotonin
  6. Vitamin D
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19
Q

What is melatonin known as?

A

The hormone of darkness

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20
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

Pineal gland

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21
Q

When is melatonin secreted?

A

At night

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22
Q

What is melatonin’s precursor?

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

What inhibits the production of melatonin?

A

Light

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24
Q

When are melatonin levels high and low?

A 
High = night
Low = day
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25
Q

What kind of body temp helps with melatonin production?

A

Low body temperature

–> this is why your circadian rhythm drops you body temperature at night so you can sleep

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26
Q

SCN

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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27
Q

What does SCN do?

A

Works like a clock that sets off a regulated pattern of activities that affect the entire body

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28
Q

What does the SCN do once exposed to light? (2)

A
  1. Increases body temperature
  2. Releases stimulating hormone
    - eg) cortisol
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29
Q

What does the SCN delay?

A

Production of melatonin

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30
Q

What 2 things is serotonin considered to be?

A
  1. Neurotransmitter

2. Hormone

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31
Q

Where is most of serotonin produced?

A

In the gut

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32
Q

Where is the rest of serotonin produced?

A

Central nervous system

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33
Q

What does serotonin regulate after its been synthesized in the CNS? (4)

A
  1. Mood
  2. Appetite
  3. Memory
  4. Sleep
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34
Q

What is a major action of many anti-depressants?

A

Modulation of serotonin levels

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35
Q

When are the levels of serotonin levels the highest ?

A

In the afternoon

36
Q

What is needed to initiate the production of serotonin?

A

Blue light (450-480nm) derived from tryptophan

37
Q

What is vitamin D essential for?

A

The formation of normal bones and teeth

38
Q

How does vitamin D create formation of bones and teeth? (2)

A
  1. By maintaining normal blood levels of Ca and P

2. Cell differentiation and development

39
Q

What are 3 other names for vitamin D?

A

Fat soluble vitamines

  1. D1
  2. D2
  3. D3
40
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D called?

A

Calcitriol

41
Q

What is an example of a non true vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

42
Q

What is vitamin D considered to be and why?

A
  • Considered to be a hormone
  • Because we make most of it ourselves from a metabolite of cholesterol that is present in the skin when exposed to UV light
43
Q

What percentage of vitamin D do we make ourselves?

A

90%

44
Q

Where is vitamin D further processed? (2)

A
  1. Liver

2. Kidney

45
Q

What percentage of vitamin D do we eat?

A

10%

46
Q

What kinds of food gives us vitamin D? (6)

A

Fortified foods like …

  1. Milk
  2. Margarine
  3. Breakfast cereal
  4. Fatty fish
    - -> salmon, tune, mackerel, or oil
  5. Cheese
  6. Egg yolk
47
Q

What vitamin D suppliment can you take every day, and how much?

A
  • D3

- 1000 IU/day

48
Q

What structure is vitamin D related to?

A

Steroids

49
Q

What does vitamin D (in the context of it being a vitamin) do?

A

Uses some type of high affinity of nuclear receptors to affect transcription as steroids and levels regulate

50
Q

Where can you find vitamin D receptors? (5)

A
  1. Bones
  2. Kidneys
  3. Immune cells
  4. Testis
  5. Breasts
51
Q

Why is vitamin D important in cancer?

A

Vitamin D acts as an anti-proliferation signal

52
Q

What does natural exposure to light control? (3)

A

Natural body levels of…

  1. Serotonin
  2. Melatonin
  3. Vitamin D
53
Q

What has breast cancer found to be associated with? (3)

A

Low levels of…

  1. Serotonin
  2. Melatonin
  3. Vitamin D
54
Q

What causes an increased risk of chronic disease like cancer?

A

Endocrine disrupting compounds are chemicals in the environment that disrupt our hormones

55
Q

What is a way that our hormones get altered?

A

Disruption of biological rhythm

56
Q

What is one of the major components of disrupting to our environment that can contribute to cancer risk?

A

Is our new built in environment which alters our exposure to natural sunlight an darkness and exposes us to artificial light

57
Q

What are 2 factors that effect our light exposure?

A
  1. Geographical location
    - -> different latitudes
  2. Population differences
    - -> Living is cities vs rural areas
58
Q

LAN

A

Light at night

59
Q

Exposure to light at night is correlated with what 2 things?

A
  1. Breast cancer

2. Prostate cancer

60
Q

What affects the biological rhythm?

A

Changes in human exposure to environmental light

61
Q

What does exposure to light alter? (6 examples)

A

Metabolism of key hormones

  1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  2. Estrogen
  3. Progesterone
  4. Testosterone
  5. Vitamin D
  6. Melatonin
62
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters does exposure to light alter?

A
  1. Serotonin

2. Dopamine

63
Q

What micronutrient does exposure to light alter?

A

Iron

64
Q

What could be a result from decrease natural daytime light exposure and increase to LAN?

A

Increase in breast cancer

65
Q

What does melatonin regulate? (2)

A
  1. Estrogen receptors

2. Estrogen production

66
Q

What is part of the rate limiting step in melatonin biosynthesis?

A

Serotonin precursor

67
Q

What enzyme takes part in the serotonin precursor?

A

Serotonin-N-acetyltransferase

68
Q

What enzyme is associated with tryptophan?

A

Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase

69
Q

What enzyme is associated with melatonin?

A

N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptaime

70
Q

What time of day is melatonin produced in?

A

Between 2am and 5am

71
Q

When is serotonin produced?

A

In the day

72
Q

What does vitamin D follow?

A

A circadian rhythm

73
Q

When does vitamin D peak?

A

After mid day

74
Q

What kind of hormone is vitamin D?

A

Secosteroid hormone

75
Q

Where is 25-(OH)-D3 produced?

A

In the liver

76
Q

What are 3 things vitamin D regulates?

A
  1. Ca absorption
  2. Cell longevity
  3. Immune functions
77
Q

Where are low serotonin levels found ?

A

In depression

78
Q

SSRI

A

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

79
Q

What do SSRIs do?

A

They block the reabsorption of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain

80
Q

What does the changing the balance of serotonin levels do?

A

It seems to help brain cells send and receive chemical messages
–> this can boost the mood

81
Q

What do SSRI patents have a reduced risk of?

A

Breast cancer

82
Q

SAD

A

Seasonal affective disorders

83
Q

Where is serotonin levels low?

A

In the plasma of those who have SAD

84
Q

What percentage of patients with breast cancer experience a depressive disorder with low serotonin levels?

A

25%

85
Q

What does vitamin D activate?

A

The transcription of the initial serotonin synthesizing gene tryptophan hydroxylase int eh brain at a vitamin D response element

86
Q

What 2 factors down-regulate estrogen signalling and what is an outcome?

A
  1. Melatonin
  2. Vitamin D
    - Outcome = decreases breast cancer risk
87
Q

What does low levels of vitamin D, serotonin and melatonin lead to?

A

Increase in estrogen signalling

Bio 432 (19 decks)

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