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Bio 432 > Topic 5 - Growth Hormone Part 1 > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Growth Hormone Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A region of forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic NS and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temp, thirst, hunger and other homeostasis systems and involved in sleep and emotional activity

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2
Q

Pituitary

A

The major endocrine gland. It is a pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glandes

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3
Q

What does the hypothalamus intergrate and where does it send it?

A

Environmental signals and sends them to the pituitary gland

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4
Q

What secretes hormones in the hypothalamus?

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Where do hormones travel after the hypothalamus?

A

They travel down the portal hypophysial vessel to the anterior pituitary

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6
Q

How do you secrete hormones?

A

Stimulate of inhibit anterior pituitary cells

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7
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Balances hormones

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8
Q

What are 5 anterior pituitary hormones and what do they secrete?

A
  1. Somatotrophs –> GH
  2. Lactotrophs –> PRL
  3. Thyrotrophs –> TSH
  4. Corticotrophs –> (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
  5. Gonadotrophs –> LH and FSH
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9
Q

GH is what kind of hormone?

A

Protein hormone

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10
Q

What happens at the mRNA level of regulation? (2)

A
  1. Transcription

2. Splicing

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11
Q

What happens at the protein level of regulation? (2)

A
  1. Cleavage

2. Post-translational modifications

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12
Q

What happens at the secretion level of regulation?

A

Stimulus

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13
Q

What does the direct effect of GH effect?

A

Metabolism and protein synthesis

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14
Q

What does the indirect effect of GH effect?

A

Growth

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15
Q

What does GH do?

A

Stimulates break down of triglycerides for energy and suppresses up of circulating lipids

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16
Q

What is insulin used for? (2)

A
  1. Glucose

2. Fat storage

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17
Q

How does GH effect protein synthesis?

A

It increases amino acid uptake and accelerating transcription and translation of mRNA

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18
Q

What does GH suppress? (2)

A
  1. Suppresses the ability of insulin to stimulate uptake of glucose in peripheral tissues
  2. Suppresses insulins ability to enhance glycogen synthesis in the liver
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19
Q

What does GH decrease and increase?

A

Decrease fat and carbs

Increase protein

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20
Q

What causes GH to decline?

A

Age

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21
Q

IGF-1

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1

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22
Q

Where is IGF-1 secreted from?

A

Liver and other tissues in response to GH

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23
Q

What causes the majority of growth promoting effects of GH?

A

IGF-1 acting on target cells

24
Q

GH axis steps (5)

A
  1. GHRH stimulates synthesis and secretion of GH
  2. Somatostatin inhibits GH release
  3. Ghrelin binds to receptors on somatotrophs and potenly stimulates secretion of GH
  4. Neg. feedback: IGF-1 suppresses the somatotroph (so decrease GH) and stimulates release of SS in hypothalamus
  5. GH negative feedback to inhibit GHRH secretion and direct inhibitory effect of GH on somatotrophs to inhibit GH
25
Q

GHRH

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

26
Q

SS

A

Somatostatin

27
Q

What factors upregulate the production of GH? (3)

A
  1. Stress (good stress)
  2. Exercise
  3. Sleep
28
Q

What factors decrease GH? (2)

A
  1. Sugar

2. High free fatty acids

29
Q

What factors alter GH?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Exercise
  3. Sleep
  4. Nutrition
  5. Age
30
Q

When does the biggest release of GH occur?

A

Shortly after the onset of a deep sleep

31
Q

What is an example of a fast and slow acting hormone?

A

Fast acting = insulin

Slow acting = GH

32
Q

What are 2 examples of a positive regulator?

A

GH and IGF-1

33
Q

What is an example of a negative regulator?

A

Somatotrophs

34
Q

What is ghrelin and what does it do?

A

It is a regulator that increases when you are hungry and decreases when you are finished eating

35
Q

What are 4 hormones that effect growth?

A
  1. TH - reduces growth more than GH deficiency
  2. Insulin - Important in fetal growth
  3. Sex steroids - Growth spurt in puberty
  4. Glucocorticoids - in high [ ] is suppresses growth
36
Q

What hormone directly stimulates IGF-1 and GH

A

Estradiol

37
Q

E2

A

Estradiol

38
Q

What is the difference between GH and GFR?

A 
GH = Specific protein hormone
GFR = Large hormone family
39
Q

What kind of receptor are GH receptors?

A

Cytokine receptors

40
Q

Where is GH receptor expressed? (5)

A
  1. Liver
  2. Muscle
  3. Bone
  4. Kidney
  5. Adipose
41
Q

What is a type of cytokine?

A

Interleukins

42
Q

How do you get the downstream effect for a hormone?

A

You need both parts of the receptor bound to the GH

43
Q

How is GH transported?

A

In blood by GHBP

44
Q

GHBP

A

Growth hormone binding protein

45
Q

What happens when there is low [GH]?

A

It gets dimerized and activated and creates a signal transduction

46
Q

What happens when there is high [GH]?

A

It causes binding each GH to different GHRs which prevents dimerization, resulting in inactivation leading to no signal

47
Q

GH signalling steps (4)

A
  1. 2 GH receptors brought together by GH to recruit JAK2
  2. GHR phosphorylation provides docking sites for STAT
  3. STAT once phosphorylated can from homo/heterodimers and the migrate to the nucleus where it acts as a TF
  4. Leads to IGF-1 production than then mediates growth effects
48
Q

What does JAK2 do?

A

It autophosphorylates itself and phosphorylates the receptor

49
Q

STAT

A

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

50
Q

JAK2

A

Janus kinase 2

51
Q

What does JAK2 activate? (2)

A
  1. PI3K

2. MAPK

52
Q

What is the role of ubiquitin?

A

It tags things we no longer want anymore and sends them to the proteosome so it gets broken down and it then gets released to be able to be used again

53
Q

What is the role of phosphotases

A

Dephosphorylates tyrosine on GHR, JAK2, STAT and associated hormones

54
Q

SOCS

A

Suppressors of cytokine signalling

55
Q

What is the role of SOCS

A

It binds to JAK2 and STAT proteins and target them for degradation

Bio 432 (19 decks)

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