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Bio 432 > Thyroid Disease - Final Exam > Flashcards

Thyroid Disease - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism.

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2
Q

What are problems that come with cretinism? (2)

A
  1. Bone maturation (delayed or permanent)

2. Permanent lack of brain development

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3
Q

How can you treat cretinism?

A

This can be permanent unless you are given TH immediately to try and cure it

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4
Q

What are 3 possible causes of cretinism?

A
  1. Anti-TSH receptor antibodies from mother (so mother has Hashimotos disease)
  2. Sever iodine deficiency
  3. Defect in bodys thyroid axis
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5
Q

Why are babies heels pricked?

A

To test and see if they have a health issues

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6
Q

What happens to the baby if the mother has untreated hypothyroid disease?

A

The disabilities in the babies development cannot be reversed with treatment after the 2nd trimester

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7
Q

What do human fetuses acquire for proper development? (2)

A
  1. The ability to synthesize TH early on

2. Substantial transfer of maternal TH across the placenta

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8
Q

What does the placenta contain?

A

Deiodinases

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9
Q

What can deiodinases convert?

A

T4 to T3

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10
Q

What does hypothyroidism in either the mother or fetus result in?

A

Fetal diseases

- Includes a high incidence of brain development disability

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11
Q

What is the net effect of pregnancy on the thyroid gland?

A

Increase demand on the thyroid gland

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12
Q

What is effect the most by TH on the terminal stages of brain differentiation? (5)

A
  1. Synaptogenesis
  2. Growth of dendrites
  3. Axons
  4. Myelination
  5. Neural migration
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13
Q

What are the different terminal stages of brain development regulated by?

A

TH

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14
Q

What is the far most common preventable cause of mental disability in the world?

A

Iodine deficiency

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15
Q

What happens if you dont get adequate iodine intake? (2)

A
  • Both mother and fetus develop hypothyroidism

- Could lead to cretinism with intellectual disability, deaf-mutism and spasticity

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16
Q

What effect does iodine deficiency have on animals? (3)

A
  1. High incidences of still births
  2. Small offspring
  3. Weak offspring
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17
Q

What is recommended to avoid iodine deficiency when pregnant?

A

To take prenatal vitamins/mineral supplements

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18
Q

What is goiter associated with?

A

Overstimulation of thyroid gland causing enlargement

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19
Q

What are possible causes for goiter? (3)

A
  1. Lack of iodine in diet (low salt)
  2. Drug blocking
  3. Autoimmune disease
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20
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis disease

21
Q

What is Hashimotos thyroiditis disease?

A

Is an autoimmune disease in which the thyrloid gland is attacked by a variety of cell and antibody-mediated immune processes

22
Q

What could Hashimotos thyroiditis potentially cause?

A

Goiter

23
Q

What are sensitized to thyrodial antigens?

A

Lymphocytes

24
Q

What do lymphocytes destroy?

A

Normal thyroidal architecture

25
Q

What is the most common symptom of Hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

Weight gain, despite normal eating habits

26
Q

What are other possible symptoms of Hashimotos thyroiditis? (6)

A
  1. Lethargy
  2. Generalized weakness
  3. Menstrual irregularity
  4. Cold intolerance
  5. Weight gain
  6. Depression
27
Q

What do TSHR bind to?

A

Antibodies that stimulate it

28
Q

Where is TSHR found? (2)

A
  1. In thyroid follicle cells

2. Eyes

29
Q

What happens to the thyroid gland in Graves disease?

A

Overactive thyroid gland

- Hyperthyroid disease

30
Q

What is Graves the most common form of?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

31
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

Is a disorder characterized by a triad of hyperthyroidism

32
Q

What are 2 outcomes from Graves disease?

A
  1. Goitre

2. Bulging eyes

33
Q

What is the 1st common sign of Graves disease?

A

Weight loss despite eating a lot

34
Q

What are 6 symptoms of Graves disease?

A
  1. Cardiac: cardiac arrhythmias
  2. Endocrine: weight loss in the presence of increased appetite
  3. Dermatological: profuse sweating
  4. Neurological: tremor
  5. Gastrointestinal: diarrhea (common)
  6. Ophthalmological: thyroid eye disease
35
Q

What is another term for Graves disease?

A

Thyroid story

–> due to the over activation of thyroid production

36
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroid and goitre in the US?

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis

37
Q

What are possible reasons for thyroid diseases? (2)

A
  1. Mutations in TSHR

2. TR can be activating or inhibiting

38
Q

What is thyroid cancer?

A

Is a disease that you get when abnormal cells begin to grow in your thyroid gland

39
Q

What happens with cancer of the pituitary gland?

A

It can cause hyperthyroidism

–> over production of TH

40
Q

EDC

A

Endocrine disrupting compound

41
Q

What are persistent organic pollutants?

A

Environmental contaminants

42
Q

What 2 things can lipophilic ring structure mimic?

A
  1. TH
  2. Steroid hormone
    - often estrogenic
43
Q

What is an example of a persistent organic pollutant that have been banned?

A

PCBs

44
Q

What are 4 ways persistent organic pollutants disrupt the endocrine system?

A
  1. Thyroid axis critical for brain and body development affected
  2. Immunotoxity
  3. Reproductive impairment
  4. Animal health like lipid metabolism and energies affected
45
Q

What is a problem with persistent organic pollutant in frogs?

A

They can mimic TH and cause them to metamorphose too rapidly causing extreme stress and death or metamorphose too early and food or water supply is not enough to survive

46
Q

What do polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter?

A

Thyroid status and TH regulated gene transcription in the pituitary and the brain

47
Q

PDBE

A

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

48
Q

What contains flame retardants?

A

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

49
Q

Why are deiodinases so important to thyroid function?

A

It activates or inactivates thyroid hormone

- helps control homeostasis in the thyroid gland

Bio 432 (19 decks)

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