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environmental health Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

the collective interactions of humans with the environment

A

environmental health

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2
Q

environmental pollutants contribute to

A

chronic disease, infectious disease

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3
Q

___ have increased human ability to affect and damage the environment

A

technological advances

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4
Q

rapid population growth means that more people are

A

consuming and competing for resources than ever before

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5
Q

puts greatest strain on earths resources

A

population growth

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6
Q

by 2050 the US population will be nearly

A

400 million

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7
Q

world population

A

7.8 billion

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8
Q

population is increasing at a rate of ___ per year

A

80 million

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9
Q

humans use as many ecological resources as if we had ___ earths

A

1.6

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10
Q

factors that may eventually cap the population

A

food, available land and water, energy, minimum acceptable standard of living

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11
Q

factors that contribute to population growth

A

high birth rate, lack of family planning, lower death rate

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12
Q

population management policies should address the factors that could decrease birth rates including

A

poverty
improved health
better education
increased literacy and employment opportunities
family planning

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13
Q

at the front of many environmental problems

A

energy consumption

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14
Q

burning fossil fuels –>

A

smog, greenhouse gas, acid rain

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15
Q

mining and extraction –>

A

pollute land and water

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16
Q

the US consumes ___ barrels of petroleum each day

A

20 million

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17
Q

extreme energy sources

A

fossil fuels that are relatively difficult to access and extract

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18
Q

deepwater oil rig explosion leaked ___ barrels/day

A

60,000

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19
Q

rat and oil extraction produces ___ times greenhouse gas per barrel compared to conventional oils

A

2-4

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20
Q

drilling and hydraulic fracturing: possible ___ contamination

A

groundwater

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21
Q

sources are naturally replenished and essentially inexhaustible

A

renewable energy source

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22
Q

best sources of energy

A

wind power, solar, geothermal, biomass, biofuels

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23
Q

development that meets societies present without compromising the ability of future generation

A

sustainable development

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24
Q

alternative fuels

A

ethanol, biodiesel

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25
alcohol made from plant sugars
ethanol
26
critics claim ethanol requires __ energy to produce than it yields
more
27
ethanol production dropped in
2020
28
made primarily from vegetable oils, fats, or greases such as recycled restaurant grease
biodiesel
29
biodiesel can be problematic depending on
material source
30
hybrid electrical vehicles
two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle
31
WHO estimates that air pollution accounts for ___ deaths per year
4.2 million
32
air quality index indicates
whether air pollution poses a health concern
33
AQI values range from
0-500
34
AQI >100
unhealthy
35
AQI used for 5 major air pollutants
carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide nitrogen dioxide particulate matter ground-level ozone
36
___% of the nation lives where air can be dangerous to breath
43
37
mixture of pollutants from car exhaust, power plants, factory emissions
smog
38
can increase production of ozone
heavy motor vehicle traffic, high temp, sunny weather
39
earth temperature depends on a balance between
energy absorption and the amount of energy radiated
40
reradiation causes a buildup of heat that raises the temp of the lower atmosphere
greenhouse effect
41
___, ___ is caused by the concentration of greenhouse gases
global warming, climate change
42
Global warming, climate change, is caused by the concentration of greenhouse gases leading to
 Increased rainfall and flooding  Increased mortality from heat stress, urban pollution, tropical disease, and extreme weather  A poleward shift in the location o vegetation zones  Alterations of ecosystems  Increasingly rapid and drastic melting of polar ice caps
43
fragile invisible layer 10-30 miles above the earth, shields the earth from the dangerous UV rays of the sun
ozone layer
44
ozone layer being destroyed by
chlorofluorocarbons
45
chlorofluorocarbons
coolants in refrigerators, foaming agents, propellants, solvents
46
no ozone layer
life impossible
47
linked to heath issues from allergic responses to cancer
indoor air quality
48
common indoor air pollutants
environmental tobacco smoke CO, other combustion by-products, volatile organic compounds, biological pollutants, indoor mold
49
preventing air pollution
o Cut back on air travel o Cut back on driving & keep your car well maintained o Buy energy-efficient appliances and use only when necessary o Use energy-efficient lighting o Insulate your home with ozone-safe agent o Plant and care for trees o Identify a local waste hauler who removes ozone-depleting refrigerants from disposed refrigerators o Ventilate your home. o Tightly seal paint and other chemical containers o Don’t smoke or allow smoking in your home o Clean and inspect chimneys, furnaces, other appliances o Always use an outside venting hood when cooking o Use paints with low or no VOCs o Keep areas mold-free
50
purifying water in water-treatment plants
screening, filtration, disinfection, fluoridation
51
fluoridation reduce tooth decay by
15-40%
52
rapid population taxes water system
water shortages
53
___ people do not have safe drinking water
2 billion
54
___ people do not have access to safely managed sanitation
4.5 billion
55
Residual sludge from sewage treatment is often contaminated with heavy metals and chemicals such as lead, cadmium, copper, tin, antibiotics, and PCBs with long-term health consequences, including cancer and damage to CNS
sewage
56
protecting water supply
o Take showers, not baths o Install faucet aerators and water-efficient showerheads o Replace old toilets o Fix any leaky faucets o Do not pour toxic materials down the drain o Do not flush old medications o Do not litter
57
solid waste pollution
disposal and contamination problems
58
biggest component of household trash
paper products
59
___% of solid waste is toxic
1
60
electronic toxic
lead, mercury, other heavy metals
61
Americans produce ___ tons of e-waste per year
7 million
62
mining and manufacturing produce toxic waste that
cannot be dumped safely
63
almost no decomposition occurs
landfill
64
products that can break down naturally, safely, and quickly into raw materials
biodegradable
65
compostable products may break down through
biotic and abiotic processes
66
recycling uses waste material as
raw materials in the production of new products
67
time to biodegrade: banana peel
2-10 days
68
time to biodegrade: paper
2-5 months
69
time to biodegrade: rope
3-14 months
70
time to biodegrade: orange peel
6 mont
71
time to biodegrade: wool stock
1-5 years
72
time to biodegrade: cigarette butt
1-12 years
73
time to biodegrade: plastic coated milk carton
5 years
74
time to biodegrade: aluminum can
80-100 years
75
time to biodegrade: plastic bottle
450 years
76
time to biodegrade: disposable diapers
500 years
77
time to biodegrade: plastic bag
1000 years
78
time to biodegrade: glass bottle
1 million years
79
time to biodegrade: styrofoam
does not
80
reducing solid waste
o Limit your purchase and the use of plastic products o Buy products with the least amount of packaging o Buy recycled or recyclable products o Use your own containers to store food o Avoid disposable foam o Do not throw away electronic items—recycle o Start compost pile
81
widely used for fire protection and insulation in buildings until late 1960s
asbestos
82
asbestos causes
asbestosis, lung cancer, other serious lung diseases
83
lead in
pipes and paints
84
lead banned in
1978
85
presence of lead pipes contributed to
drinking water crisis in Flint, Michigan
86
chemicals that kill unwanted pests
pesticides
87
used extensively in agriculture
herbicides and insecticides
88
pesticides often have __ effects
toxic
89
pesticide buildup in the food chain through
biomagnification
90
from coal-fired power plants, mining and smelting operations, and consumer products
mercury
91
mercury damages
nervous and other bodys systems
92
large, long-lived fish carry high levels of
mercury
93
prolonged exposure to sounds above 80-85 decibels can cause
permanent hearing loss
94
avoid exposure to excessive noise
 Wear ear protection when working around noisy machinery  When listening to music on a headset, set the volume below 60% of max  For children, avoid toys that make loud noise  Avoid exposure to painfully loud sounds and repeated exposure to any sounds above 80 decibels

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