immunity and infection Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
immune system
A
collective set of defenses that includes surface barriers, specialized cells, tissues and organs that carry out the immune response
2
Q
physical and chemical barriers
A
skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract
3
Q
2 immune system parts
A
innate, adaptive
4
Q
cells that can recognize pathogenic microorganisms and are the first responders to those pathogens
A
innate immune system
5
Q
cells that can recognize pathogenic microorganisms that can improve and accelerate their responses after exposure to those pathogens
A
adaptive immune system
6
Q
vitamin d levels are highly associated with
A
innate immune system
7
Q
innate immune system recognizes pathogens as foreign and kills them but they cannot
A
develop memory
8
Q
cells of innate immune system
A
neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells
9
Q
neutrophils
A
travel to invaded area ingesting pathogens
10
Q
eosinophils
A
fight parasitic infections
11
Q
macrohages
A
scavengers
12
Q
natural killer cells
A
destroy virus-infected cells and malignancies
13
Q
dendritic cells
A
engulf pathogens within tissues, activate lymphocytes
14
Q
cells of adaptive immune system
A
lymphocytes, t-cells, b-cells
15
Q
lymphocytes
A
cells with receptors to recognize specific antigens
16
Q
t-cells
A
helper t, killer t, supressor t
17
Q
B cells
A
become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
18
Q
some t and B cells become memory cells that
A
allow the body to respond rapidly to subsequent invasions by a particular agent
19
Q
antigen
A
substance that triggers immune response
20
Q
antibody
A
specialized protein that can recognize specific antigens
21
Q
one response to injury or infection
A
inflammatory response
22
Q
macrophages engulf the invading microbe and convey danger to other immune systems
A
inflammatory response
23
Q
immune response 4 phases
A
recognition, proliferation, elimination, slow down
24
Q
immune response phase 1
A
recognition
dendritic cells arrive, act and activate helper T cells
25
immune response phase 2
proliferation
helper and killer T cells multiply rapidly
cytokines regulate and coordinate response
26
immune response phase 3
elimination
t and B cells differentiate
27
t and B cells differentiate
effector, memory
28
effector
eliminate pathogen, killer t destroy infected cells
29
antibody mediated response
memory
30
immune response phase 4
slow down
regulatory T cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation
some memory t and B cells remain for future
31
resistance to infection
immunity
32
immunity: memory t and B cells
continue to circulate in the body and lymphatic system
33
adaptive immunity
immunity to infection acquired by the activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization
34
network of vessels that carries a clear fluid called lymph and includes the spleen and lymph nodes
lymphatic system
35
lymphatic system vessels pick up
extra fluid from body tissues which may contain microbes and dead or damaged cells
36
as the immune response progresses, a lymph node actively involved in fighting infection may
fill with cells and swell
37
the location of swollen lymph nodes is a clue to
infection location
38
primes the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen
immunization
39
types of vaccines
attenuated organism
killed viruses
messanger RNA
40
attenuated organism
MMR
41
killed viruses
dead but still stimulate antibody production
influenza
42
messenger RNA
cells produce harmless portions of pathogen that stimulate antibody production
covid
43
since HPV vaccine, HPV infections have dropped
81%
44
immune system reacts to a harmless substance as if it were a harmful pathogen
allergies
45
allergy symptoms result from
immune response rather than from the stances that provoke the response
46
common allergies
Pollen
Animal dander
Dust mites and cockroaches
Molds and mildew
Foods
Insect stings
47
allergic response
release of large amounts of histamines
48
allergic response increase the inflammatory response and stimulate
mucous profusion
49
symptoms of allergic response
Nose- congestion, sneezing
Eyes- itchiness and tearing
Skin- redness, swelling, itching
Intestines- bloating, cramping
Lungs- coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath
50
anaphylaxis characterized by
* Swelling of throat
* Extremely low BP
* Fainting
* Heart arrhytmia
* Seizures
* Sometimes death
51
treatment of anaphylaxis
epinephrine
52
spread of disease: first phase
incubation period
53
incubation period
pathogens actively multiplying
may not have symptoms
may be contagious
54
spread of disease second and third phases
prodromal period, symptoms appear
55
most symptoms of an illness are due to
immune response rather than invading organism
56
chain of infection
Pathogen-->reservoir-->portal of exit-->transmission-->portal of entry--> new host
57
epidemic
rapidly spreading disease or health related condition; occurrence is greater than what is normally expected
58
pandemic
infectious disease has spread widely, usually entire country, content, etc.
59
endemic disease
habitually occurs in certain region
60
most abundant living things on earth
bacteria
61
bacteria classified by
shape
62
infections caused by bacteria
pneumonia
meningitis
strep
staph
TB
tick-borne
63
pneumonia
inflammation of lungs
64
meningitis
inflammation of meninges
65
strep untreated leads to
rheumatic fever
66
staph
toxic shock syndrome, MSRA
67
tick borne infections
lyme
68
tuberculosis
lungs
69
other bacterial infections
ulcers, tetanus, c. diff, pertussis, UTI, travelers diarrhea
70
antibiotics
drugs that either inhibit growth of bacteria or kill them
71
action of antibiotics
* Inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
* Interferes with the production of bacterial proteins
* Inhibit the replication of bacterial DNA
72
___% of antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary
30
73
antibiotic resistance bacteria have resulted from
overuse and misuse
74
proper usage of antibiotics
* don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick
* use antibiotics as directed
* never take an antibiotic without a prescription
75
microscopic organism that replicates inside cells of another organism, cause most contagious disease
viruses
76
common viruses
o common cold (rhinovirus, coronavirus)
o influenza
o measles, mumps, rubella
o herpesvirus infections
virus (EBV)- mononucleosis
o viral hepatitis: HAV (food), HBV, HCV
o HPV
77
virus treatments
antiviral for some
78
organism that is reproduced by spores
fungus
79
common fungi
yeast, athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm
80
protozoa
microscope single
malaria
giardiasis
81
parasitic worms
largest organism that can enter body to cause infection
82
emerging infections of concern
Zika disease
Ebola
West nile virus
Pathogenic Escherichia coli
83
contributing factors to emerging infectious diseases
Drug resistance
Poverty
Population growth
Urbanization
Overcrowding
Migration
Breakdown of public health measures
Travel and commerce
Mass food production and distribution
Human behaviors
Climate change
84
immune disorder
immune system loses ability to differentiate between "self" and "non self"
85
autoimmune disease
immune system targets or destroys specific tissues
86
support immune system
o Get enough sleep
o Maintain regular eating patterns-eating stimulates immune system
o Wash hands frequently
o Avoid people who are contagious with an infectious disease
o Drink water only from clean source
o Avoid contact with disease carriers: rodents, mosquitoes, ticks
o Keep vaccinations up to date
87
STI cause US healthcare system ___ per year
$16 billion
88
9th leading cause of death among Americans age 25-34
AIDS
89
major STIs
HIV/AIDS
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
HPV
Herpes
Hepatitis
Syphilis
90
HIV causes
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
91
global HIV epidemic peaked in
late 1990s
92
chronic viral infection that progressively damages the immune system, characterized by the depletion of CVD4 T cells
HIV
93
HIV attacks and invades __ cells, ____ and ____
CD4 T, macrophages, essential elements of immune system
94
AIDS diagnosis
number of CD4 cells drop below certain level
95
HIV primary infection phase
flu-like symptoms, highly infectious
96
HIV chronic asymptomatic stage
Can last 2-20 years in untreated adults
Virus progressively infects and destroys cells of the immune system
Even if people are symptom-free, people infected with HIV can transmit the disease to others if untreated
97
HIV lives in
cells, blood, blood products, semen, vaginal cervical secretion, breast milk
98
HIV cannot live in
air, water, on object/surfaces
99
three primary means of HIV transmission
Specific kinds of sexual contact
Direct exposure to infected blood
Contact between a woman with HIV and her child during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding
100
opportunistic infections occur HIV
Pneumocystis pneumonia, a fungal infection
Kaposi’s sarcoma, cancer
Frequent and difficult-to-treat vaginal yeast infections in women
TB is increasingly reported
101
HIV diagnosis
three general types of tests
HIV antibody
combination HIV antigen/antibody
nucleic acid tests
102
if HIV positive, next step
determine the disease severity and the viral load is monitored
103
HIV treatment
medication
104
HIV prevention
Make careful choices about sexual activity
Do not share drug needles
If you have ongoing risk for HIV exposure, consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Participate in an HIV/STI risk reduction education program
105
most prevalent bacterial STI
chlamydia
106
gonorrhea flourishes in
mucous membranes
107
gonorrhea treatment
ceftriaxone
108
major complication of untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea
pelvic inflammatory disease
109
pelvic inflammatory disease symptoms
Some are asymptomatic, others have abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, abnormal vaginal bleeding
110
PID treatment
laparoscopy, antibiotics
111
HPV can cause
common warts, genital warts, genital cancers
112
most common STI
HPV
113
more than ___% of all sexually active people will have been infected with HPV by age 50
80
114
genital herpes primary outbreak
2-20 days after sex, flu like symtpoms, genital lesions
115
genital herpes outbreaks can be triggered by
stress, illness, fatigue, sun exposure, sexual intercourse, menstruation
116
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
117
HBV transmission
blood, semen, urine, vaginal secretion
118
HVC associated with
high risk sexual encounters
119
hepatitis A, B, C symptoms
mild cases cause flu like symptoms
120
ass hepatitis progresses there may be
nausea, vomitting, dark urine, abdominal pain, jaundice
121
hepatitis diagnosis and treatment
blood tests, no cure
122
syphilis caused by
treponema pallidum
123
syphilis symptoms
primary
chancres, 10-90 days past exposure
124
syphilis symptoms
secondary
3-6 weeks after, body rash
125
syphilis symptoms
late or tertiary
damage to organs, dementia, CVD, blindness, death
126
syphilis treatment
antibiotics
127
most prevalent non-viral STI
trich
128
bacterial vaginosis
abnormal vaginal discharge caused by unhealthy vaginal bacteria
