Equine Clinical Procedure Pt 2

Question 1

What are some veins used for blood draws?

Answer 1

cephalic vein, coccygeal vein, jugular vein, lateral thoracic vein, saphenous vein

Question 2

What needle size should be used for jugular blood draws?

Answer 2

20g needle

Question 3

What are some urine collection methods?

Answer 3

cystocentesis not feasible in large animal
free catch/voided sample or urinary catheter

Question 4

When should you catch a urine sample?

Answer 4

catch mid stream because initial stream has more mucus and cell debris

Question 5

When is a urinary catheter used?

Answer 5

accepted method of collection when antimicrobial testing is needed (culture)

Question 6

What is a normal finding in a horse’s urine?

Answer 6

calcium carbonate crystals are common and normal

Question 7

What do calcium carbonate crystals look like?

Answer 7

circular with radial striations and smooth surfaces

Question 8

How much stool is used for fecal examination?

Answer 8

same amount as small animal (walnut size)

Question 9

How is an abdominocentesis done?

Answer 9

obtained at lowest (most dependent point on the abdomen usually on midline, fluid is obtained by gravity

Question 10

How is a horse prepped for an abdominocentesis?

Answer 10

sterile skin prep

Question 11

What is an arthrocentesis?

Answer 11

joint tap, obtain synovial fluid from joint

Question 12

Arthrocentesis is a ________________.

Answer 12

sterile procedure

Question 13

What is important during an arthrocentesis?

Answer 13

restraint because movement can cause needle to damage/break off in joint, chemical restraint may be necessary

Question 14

Why is a thoracentesis done?

Answer 14

left and right pleural space communicate but disease can block that communication and cause one side to build up fluid

Question 15

What should be used during thoracentesis to prevent causing pneumothorax (air around lungs)?

Answer 15

3-way stop cock

Question 16

What is a transtracheal aspiration?

Answer 16

process of “washing” the material from the trachea lumen

Question 17

What are the benefits of endoscopic exams?

Answer 17

visualize the airway, noninvasive

Question 18

What are the disadvantages of endoscopic exams?

Answer 18

contamination from passage through the upper airway

Question 19

What is bronchoalveolar lavage?

Answer 19

endoscope or tubing is passed as far into lower airway as possible instead of stopping in trachea

Question 20

What are the advantages of nasogastric intubation?

Answer 20

reliable delivery of entire dose of medications

Question 21

What are the disadvantages of nasogastric intubation?

Answer 21

nosebleeds

Question 22

How is a nasogastric tube secured?

Answer 22

person holding horse needs to hold tube secure in place to stop tube from sliding into trachea

Question 23

What is an enema?

Answer 23

commonly given to foals to help pass impacted meconium
not commonly used in large animals

Question 24

What is smegma?

Answer 24

a thick, foul smelling, dark-colored material that may accumulate on prepuce/penis

Question 25

What are "beans"?

Answer 25

hardened, round smegma balls

Question 26

What can "beans" do?

Answer 26

can compress the urethra making urination difficult and painful

Question 27

What is "sheath cleaning"?

Answer 27

routine cleaning needed to prevent smegma and "beans"

Question 28

How is the nasolacrimal duct flushed?

Answer 28

can be flushed from the eye (lacrimal puncta) or the nose (distal puncta) but nasal opening is easier

Question 29

What two systems are used for ocular injuries?

Answer 29

subpalpebral lavage system or nasolacrimal lavage system

Question 30

What should be done for subpalpebral lavage?

Answer 30

sedation required and nerve blocks performed

Question 31

What is sinocentesis?

Answer 31

making a small hole through bone into sinus

Question 32

What is trephining?

Answer 32

making large diameter hole through the bone into sinus by removing a piece of bone