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Equine Reproduction Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What type of estrus cycles do horses have?

A

seasonally polyestrous

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2
Q

When is a horse first bred?

A

2-3 years - varies

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3
Q

How long is the gestation period?

A

360-365 days

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4
Q

What is the average weaning age?

A

4-7 months

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5
Q

Prolonged labor usually is _________________.

A

fatal to foals

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6
Q

What is usually done during a reproductive exam?

A

rectal palpation, ultrasound, visual exam of vagina and cervix, uterine culture and sometimes uterine biopsy

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in mares?

A

bacterial uterine infection

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8
Q

Infections are suspected in ____________.

A

any mare that has had repeated unsuccessful breeding or early loss of embryo

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9
Q

What is endometrial (uterine) biopsy?

A

used to evaluate fertility

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10
Q

What is the most commonly used method to collect sperm?

A

artificial vaginas

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11
Q

How is a stallion prepped for semen collection?

A

erect penis is washed with warm water, tail wrapped and buttock washed

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12
Q

What does “placing a mare under lights” mean?

A

the mare’s ovulatory season is advanced by approximately 40-60 days by maintaining mares under conditions of 16 hours of light

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13
Q

What would you do with a mare after artificial insemination to discourage expulsion?

A

walk her

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14
Q

How often is AI repeated in a mare?

A

every 24-48 hours while in heat

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15
Q

When does foaling occur?

A

80% occurs at night

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16
Q

What are some signs of impending parturitions?

A

sweating across neck and flank, “waxing”

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17
Q

What is “waxing”?

A

leaking of colostrum that dries on the teat and makes “wax-like cap”

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18
Q

What is stage one of the parturition cycle?

A

preparatory stage

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19
Q

How long does phase one of the parturition cycle last?

A

2-4 hours

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20
Q

What is stage two of the parturition cycle?

A

delivery of fetus

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21
Q

How long is the typical delivery of a foal?

A

20-30 minutes

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22
Q

The placenta separates _________.

A

rapidly

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23
Q

If a foal is not seen in ~20 minutes, what does that mean?

A

dystocia

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24
Q

If a foal is not fully delivered in 30-45 minutes, what does that mean?

A

dystocia

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25
If a foal is not fully delivered in >60 minutes, what does that mean?
poor outcome for foal, possible death
26
What is phase three of the parturition cycle?
passage of fetal membrane/placenta
27
What does it mean if the placenta does NOT pass in 4-6 hours?
placenta is considered to be retained
28
What is the most common way to treat dystocia?
mutation and delivery by traction
29
What is the last resort to treat dystocia?
c-section
30
Which species has the longest gestation?
horse
31
What is a neonates normal HR/RR ~5 minutes after birth?
>60bpm
32
When does a newborn foal first stand?
30-60 minutes after birth
33
When does a newborn foal start to nurse?
60-180 minutes after birth
34
When does a newborn foal have first bowel movement?
<24 hours after birth
35
What needs of newborns must be addressed?
adequacy of passive transfer of antibodies
36
What is the first priority after delivery?
oxygenation/pulse assessment ---> ensure clear airway
37
Horses are _________ breathers.
obligate nasal
38
What is the first step in maintaining body temperature after birth?
drying off neonate
39
If a horse needs heat support, what temperature should be started with?
start at 100*F
40
How should the umbilical stump be treated?
dipped 2-3 times a day for a few weeks, monitor stump
41
What are some clinical signs of persistent patent urachus?
foal dribbles or streams from umbilicus
42
How often do foals nurse?
every 1-2 hours
43
What glucose can be fatal in neonates?
<40g/dL
44
What is meconium?
first bowel movement
45
What is the leading cause of colic in neonates?
impacted meconium
46
What is colostrum?
first milk, contains antibodies
47
What is passive transfer?
transfer of antibodies from mare to neonate
48
Why is passive transfer important?
foal's immune system is not fully capable of producing protective antibodies until close to 8 weeks
49
What is the leading cause of sickness and death in first week of age?
septicemia
50
What is the leading cause of septicemia?
failure of passive transfer
51
What antibody level would suggest failure of passive transfer?
<200mg/dL
52
What is normal during foal's heart auscultation?
patent duct arteriosus (PDA) is normal before 4 days of age and will go away
53
What is normal during foal's lung auscultation?
moist sounds during first few hours
54
What are fetal hoof pads?
hooves are covered with at birth, fall off on their own
55
What are the two major limb deformities?
angular and flexural
56
What is a flexural deformity?
"dropped ankle", determined by looking at leg from side
57
What is a valgus angular deformity?
feet point away from body's median plane
58
What is a varus angular deformity?
feet point toward body's median plane
59
What is a windswept angular deformity?
varus deviation on one leg and valgus deviation on other
60
How can you prevent a foal from getting sick?
check IgG levels, maintain excellent sanitization, treat the umbilicus, close monitoring of vital signs

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