Equine foot 1 Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Properties - hoof capsule under laod
A
- elastic and flexible (this is known as the hoof mechanism)
- protective (stones, trauma)
2
Q
What does the hoof allow? 2
A
- internal swelling
- drainage
3
Q
What is the weak point of the hoof?
A
white line
4
Q
What is the hoof mechanism important for?
A
foot perfusion
5
Q
What are the parts of the white line? 5
A
- sole
- white zone
- stratum lamellum
- stratum internum
- stratum medium hoof wall
6
Q
How can you examine the hoof?
A
- hoof testers/ palpation
- percussion
- response to local analgesia
- Imaging (radiographs, advanced)
7
Q
What is the most common site of lameness?
A
hoof/foot
8
Q
What parts of the hoof can you palpate?
A
- dorsal DIP joint capsule
- DIP joint collatral ligaements
- collateral cartilages
- (distal recess DFTS and DDFT)
9
Q
What can you look for when palpating the hoof?
A
- local heat
- digital pulses
- DIP joint effusion
- pastern oedema
10
Q
Name 2 farriery related problems of the hood
A
- Nail prick (nail driven through sensitive laminae)
- Nail bind (nail driven too close to sensitive laminae)
11
Q
How well does the hoof wall heal?
A
well if the coronary band is not damaged
12
Q
T - septic pedal osteitis
A
- curettage
- wound care
13
Q
What are hoof cracks?
A
- disruption of hood wall parallel to horn tubules and lamellae
- can extend into sensitive laminae (lame)
- multifactorial aetiology (poor horn quality, thin hoof wall, abnormal hoof angles)
14
Q
What 2 aspects of foot balance should be assessed?
A
hoof from side and lateromedial foot balance
15
Q
What are hoof wall avulsions?
A
- damage to coronary band –> permanently disturbed growth
16
Q
What is a keratoma of the hoof capsule?
A
- columnar thickening of hoof horn extending towards inside of hoof
- mostly dorsal wall
- aetiology (mechanical irritation, hoof abscess)
- increased local pressure (typical lysis distal to phalanx)
17
Q
What is a characteristic sign of hoof capsule keratima?
A
- clear lucency in solar aspect of pedal bone d/t local pressure keratoma –> bone resorption in this area
18
Q
Name 2 infectious problems of hoof capsule
A
- thrush
- canker
19
Q
Describe hoof capsule thrush
A
- infection leading to necrotic processes in frog area
- usually limited to lateral and medial sulci of frog (solar area)
- v smelly
20
Q
Describe canker of hoof capsule
A
- mixed bacterial infection in depper tissue layers of entire frog and heels leads ot disintegration of intertubular honr
- warm, humid
- cheesy white pus
- pungent odour
- tendency to bleed
21
Q
Tx - hoof capsule thrush and canker
A
- same for both
- area resected to expose lamellar area underneath
22
Q
What is white line disease of horse hoof capsule?
A
- deterioration of white line of hoof capsule –> loss of bond b/w hoof wall and sole
- poor quality horn gets colonised by different bacteria and fungi
- warm, humid
23
Q
Tx - hoof capsule disease
A
- management/ prevention (meticulous daily hoof care, stall hygiene)
- debride all necrotic and diseases horn
- disinfect area
- protective bandages for sensitive laminae
- sulci –> hardening solutions (formalin, alternatives)
24
Q
CS - hoof abscesses
A
- various
- shod and unshod horses
- infection on area of sensitive lamina after bacterial penetration
25
What is the commonest cause of TL lameness?
hoof abscess
26
Name 2 types of solar soft tissue
- chronic foot abscess
| - quittor
27
What is a chronic foot abscess?
- burst out of coronary band
| - aka 'gravel' amongst owners
28
What is quittor?
- infection of collateral cartilage
| - seen on palmar/plantar aspect, above coronary band (Vs. chronic foot abscess which bursts out at the coronary band)
29
Tx- navicular fractures
- single screw
30
What are bipartite navicular bones?
- congentital anomaly
- important ddx to fx (usually lamer)
- can result in chronic lameness and DIP joint OA (athletic horses)
- usually both TL affected
- relatively rare
- classic xray appearance
31
How are navicular disease and syndrome different?
- disease = 1 cause
| - syndrome = variety of CS, aka ' palmar heel pain'
32
Dx - navicular syndrome
- ID multiple structures involved in heel pain syndrome:
- navicular bone
- navicular bursa
- DDFT
- DIPJ
- collateral ligaments of DIPJ
33
What is navicular bursoscopy?
- sx to address DDFT tear
- method: enter DDFT sheath, separate ligament that attaches to navicular bursa (T-ligament)
- 60-70% success rate
34
Signalment - navicular syndrome
- 1/3 chronic TL lameness
- 6-12 yo horses (i.e. middle aged)
- taller, lighter breeds (some evidence of hereditary)
35
Presentation - navicular syndrome
- usually bilateral
- insidious onset
- occasionally 'toe first' gait
- toe elevation may increase lameness (on ramp)
- hoof testers (usually negative)
- positive response to PDNB
- radiography (advanced changes to detect)
- advanced imaging
36
How sensitive are radiographs for diagnosis a lameness?
not very - 70% yield no diagnosis
37
Outline use of ultrasound for diagnosing foot problem
- limited use for feet
| - user dependent
38
Outlien use of nuclear scintigraphy for diagnosing foot problem
- high sensitivity
| - low specificity
39
Outline use of CT for diagnosing foot problem
- little information on soft tissue
40
Outline use of MRI for diagnosing a foot problem
- diagnosis in 90% cases
| - limited area examined
41
Define DFTS
digital flexor tendon sheath
42
What does the PDNB do?
- non-specific block
- if positive, do further smaller blocks to localise lesion (e.g. navicular bursa)
- blocks DFTS, navicular bursa, coffin joint/ DIPJ
43
Where should you aim when blocking the DIPJ?
- 1cm below coronary band
| - 50% b/w dorsal and palmar aspects of hoof
44
Where might you get indications for navicular bursoscopy? 2
- diagnostic analgesia
| - advanced imaging
45
What are osseous cyst-like lesions?
- midline
- P3 near collateral ligmaent
- verigy significance (blocks)
- also in navicular bone, P2
46
Tx - osseous-like cysts
VARIABLE:
- arthroscopy
- drilling (forage)
- medication of DIPJ
- etc.
47
CS - P3 fractures
- acute onset severe lameness
- d/t exercise, kicking
- 6 point classification (numerical and descritive)
48
Outline the classification of P3 fractures
1. ) wing, non-articular
2. ) wing, articular
3. ) sagittal
4. ) extensor process
5. ) comminuted
6. ) solar margin
49
Dx - type 1 and 2 P3 wing fractures
- may be hard to see on routine radiographs
- take appropriate oblique projections
- CT/ MRI if necessary
50
Describe type 3 P3 fractures-
narrow well-defined lines of acute fracture
51
Describe type 4 P3 fracture
- involves DIPJ
- displacement by CDET
- matched fracture bed and fragment
- remember extensor process has variable shape, determine if secondary ossification centre versus chip fracture (based on CS, verify need for sx)
52
Tx - fracture of P3
varies according to which type (1-6) of fracture
53
Differentiate a hoof cast and a foot cast
- hoof cast only covers hoof
| - foot cast covers hoof and rest of foot
54
CS - DIPJ osteoarthritis
- CS can be v subtle
- look for osteophyte on dorsal aspect and palmar aspect of navicular bone
- remember 4-5 variations of extensor process
55
Tx - DIPJ osteoarthritis
- intra-articular medication (sodium hyaluronate, corticosteroids, polysulphated GAGs = PSGAGs, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein = irap)
- prolonged use of NSAIDs
- corrective farriery
56
What is pedal osteitis?
Repetitive concussion leads to chronic inflammation of laminae --> bone resorption (appears as fuzzy edge on radiograph versus sharply define pressure resoprtion seen with hoof capsule keratoma)
