Locomotor > Equine foot 1 > Flashcards

Equine foot 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Properties - hoof capsule under laod

A
  • elastic and flexible (this is known as the hoof mechanism)

- protective (stones, trauma)

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2
Q

What does the hoof allow? 2

A
  • internal swelling

- drainage

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3
Q

What is the weak point of the hoof?

A

white line

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4
Q

What is the hoof mechanism important for?

A

foot perfusion

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5
Q

What are the parts of the white line? 5

A
  • sole
  • white zone
  • stratum lamellum
  • stratum internum
  • stratum medium hoof wall
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6
Q

How can you examine the hoof?

A
  • hoof testers/ palpation
  • percussion
  • response to local analgesia
  • Imaging (radiographs, advanced)
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7
Q

What is the most common site of lameness?

A

hoof/foot

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8
Q

What parts of the hoof can you palpate?

A
  • dorsal DIP joint capsule
  • DIP joint collatral ligaements
  • collateral cartilages
  • (distal recess DFTS and DDFT)
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9
Q

What can you look for when palpating the hoof?

A
  • local heat
  • digital pulses
  • DIP joint effusion
  • pastern oedema
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10
Q

Name 2 farriery related problems of the hood

A
  • Nail prick (nail driven through sensitive laminae)

- Nail bind (nail driven too close to sensitive laminae)

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11
Q

How well does the hoof wall heal?

A

well if the coronary band is not damaged

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12
Q

T - septic pedal osteitis

A
  • curettage

- wound care

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13
Q

What are hoof cracks?

A
  • disruption of hood wall parallel to horn tubules and lamellae
  • can extend into sensitive laminae (lame)
  • multifactorial aetiology (poor horn quality, thin hoof wall, abnormal hoof angles)
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14
Q

What 2 aspects of foot balance should be assessed?

A

hoof from side and lateromedial foot balance

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15
Q

What are hoof wall avulsions?

A
  • damage to coronary band –> permanently disturbed growth
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16
Q

What is a keratoma of the hoof capsule?

A
  • columnar thickening of hoof horn extending towards inside of hoof
  • mostly dorsal wall
  • aetiology (mechanical irritation, hoof abscess)
  • increased local pressure (typical lysis distal to phalanx)
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17
Q

What is a characteristic sign of hoof capsule keratima?

A
  • clear lucency in solar aspect of pedal bone d/t local pressure keratoma –> bone resorption in this area
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18
Q

Name 2 infectious problems of hoof capsule

A
  • thrush

- canker

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19
Q

Describe hoof capsule thrush

A
  • infection leading to necrotic processes in frog area
  • usually limited to lateral and medial sulci of frog (solar area)
  • v smelly
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20
Q

Describe canker of hoof capsule

A
  • mixed bacterial infection in depper tissue layers of entire frog and heels leads ot disintegration of intertubular honr
  • warm, humid
  • cheesy white pus
  • pungent odour
  • tendency to bleed
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21
Q

Tx - hoof capsule thrush and canker

A
  • same for both

- area resected to expose lamellar area underneath

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22
Q

What is white line disease of horse hoof capsule?

A
  • deterioration of white line of hoof capsule –> loss of bond b/w hoof wall and sole
  • poor quality horn gets colonised by different bacteria and fungi
  • warm, humid
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23
Q

Tx - hoof capsule disease

Study These Flashcards
A
  • management/ prevention (meticulous daily hoof care, stall hygiene)
  • debride all necrotic and diseases horn
  • disinfect area
  • protective bandages for sensitive laminae
  • sulci –> hardening solutions (formalin, alternatives)
24
Q

CS - hoof abscesses

Study These Flashcards
A
  • various
  • shod and unshod horses
  • infection on area of sensitive lamina after bacterial penetration
25
What is the commonest cause of TL lameness?
hoof abscess
26
Name 2 types of solar soft tissue
- chronic foot abscess | - quittor
27
What is a chronic foot abscess?
- burst out of coronary band | - aka 'gravel' amongst owners
28
What is quittor?
- infection of collateral cartilage | - seen on palmar/plantar aspect, above coronary band (Vs. chronic foot abscess which bursts out at the coronary band)
29
Tx- navicular fractures
- single screw
30
What are bipartite navicular bones?
- congentital anomaly - important ddx to fx (usually lamer) - can result in chronic lameness and DIP joint OA (athletic horses) - usually both TL affected - relatively rare - classic xray appearance
31
How are navicular disease and syndrome different?
- disease = 1 cause | - syndrome = variety of CS, aka ' palmar heel pain'
32
Dx - navicular syndrome
- ID multiple structures involved in heel pain syndrome: - navicular bone - navicular bursa - DDFT - DIPJ - collateral ligaments of DIPJ
33
What is navicular bursoscopy?
- sx to address DDFT tear - method: enter DDFT sheath, separate ligament that attaches to navicular bursa (T-ligament) - 60-70% success rate
34
Signalment - navicular syndrome
- 1/3 chronic TL lameness - 6-12 yo horses (i.e. middle aged) - taller, lighter breeds (some evidence of hereditary)
35
Presentation - navicular syndrome
- usually bilateral - insidious onset - occasionally 'toe first' gait - toe elevation may increase lameness (on ramp) - hoof testers (usually negative) - positive response to PDNB - radiography (advanced changes to detect) - advanced imaging
36
How sensitive are radiographs for diagnosis a lameness?
not very - 70% yield no diagnosis
37
Outline use of ultrasound for diagnosing foot problem
- limited use for feet | - user dependent
38
Outlien use of nuclear scintigraphy for diagnosing foot problem
- high sensitivity | - low specificity
39
Outline use of CT for diagnosing foot problem
- little information on soft tissue
40
Outline use of MRI for diagnosing a foot problem
- diagnosis in 90% cases | - limited area examined
41
Define DFTS
digital flexor tendon sheath
42
What does the PDNB do?
- non-specific block - if positive, do further smaller blocks to localise lesion (e.g. navicular bursa) - blocks DFTS, navicular bursa, coffin joint/ DIPJ
43
Where should you aim when blocking the DIPJ?
- 1cm below coronary band | - 50% b/w dorsal and palmar aspects of hoof
44
Where might you get indications for navicular bursoscopy? 2
- diagnostic analgesia | - advanced imaging
45
What are osseous cyst-like lesions?
- midline - P3 near collateral ligmaent - verigy significance (blocks) - also in navicular bone, P2
46
Tx - osseous-like cysts
VARIABLE: - arthroscopy - drilling (forage) - medication of DIPJ - etc.
47
CS - P3 fractures
- acute onset severe lameness - d/t exercise, kicking - 6 point classification (numerical and descritive)
48
Outline the classification of P3 fractures
1. ) wing, non-articular 2. ) wing, articular 3. ) sagittal 4. ) extensor process 5. ) comminuted 6. ) solar margin
49
Dx - type 1 and 2 P3 wing fractures
- may be hard to see on routine radiographs - take appropriate oblique projections - CT/ MRI if necessary
50
Describe type 3 P3 fractures-
narrow well-defined lines of acute fracture
51
Describe type 4 P3 fracture
- involves DIPJ - displacement by CDET - matched fracture bed and fragment - remember extensor process has variable shape, determine if secondary ossification centre versus chip fracture (based on CS, verify need for sx)
52
Tx - fracture of P3
varies according to which type (1-6) of fracture
53
Differentiate a hoof cast and a foot cast
- hoof cast only covers hoof | - foot cast covers hoof and rest of foot
54
CS - DIPJ osteoarthritis
- CS can be v subtle - look for osteophyte on dorsal aspect and palmar aspect of navicular bone - remember 4-5 variations of extensor process
55
Tx - DIPJ osteoarthritis
- intra-articular medication (sodium hyaluronate, corticosteroids, polysulphated GAGs = PSGAGs, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein = irap) - prolonged use of NSAIDs - corrective farriery
56
What is pedal osteitis?
Repetitive concussion leads to chronic inflammation of laminae --> bone resorption (appears as fuzzy edge on radiograph versus sharply define pressure resoprtion seen with hoof capsule keratoma)
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