Flashcards in DS - Swollen joint Deck (47)
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1
Arthrocentesis - septic arthritis
- fluid yellow and opaque, reduced viscosity
- typically leukocyte count ? 30,000 cells/microL (>90% neutrophils)
- elevated TP (>2.5g/dl) ** mainstay of dx
- culture may be negative (blood culture medium and synovial biopsy can increase sensitivity)
2
Rads - septic arthritis
-often normal initially
- lysis within few days
- osteomyelitis presence may affect px (or dictate prolonged AB)
- repeat weekly until resolution of CS
3
Tx - septic arthritis
- BS AM (cephalosporins or penicllin/aminoglycoside combinations)
- foals should have joing lavage (needle through and through OR arthroscopic lavage, especially more established cases where debridement of fibrin may be required. Can be done in field - foals sedated/anaesthetised)
- resample joint fluid q48 h
- Oral AB duration based on sensitvity
4
Management - septic arthritis
- minimise joint mvt, reduces damage to AC
- passive mvt may reduce fibrin adhesion
- box rest and supportive bandages initially
- physio after to reduce adhesions and prevent periarticular fibrosis
5
Px - septic arthritis
- improved with prompt recognition + aggressive tx + local AB
- multiple site involvement: detrimental impact on survival and future athleticism
- Consider: intended use, structures involved, concurrent bone involvement
6
What do replacement gilts weighing 110kg suggest?
underweight - likely DJD
7
Ddx - acute onset lameness in pigs (gilts), one recumbent
- Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- DJD
- Erysipelas infection
- Glassers disease (Haemophilus parasuis)
- trauma
8
Post- mortem - Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- if early, joint fluid may be blood tinged
- synovial membrane red and thick
- joint surface cartilage normal
9
PM - DJD
- radiolucency and sclerosis
- joint cartilage has craters, exposed bone and synovial fluid, OPs
10
Erysipelas - PM
- skin lesions (diamond shape)
- inflammatory exudates
- thickening of joint capsule
- splenomegaly
- hepatomegaly
11
PM - Glasser's dz
- septicaemia
- congestion of internal organs
- excessive fluid and fibrin tags within abdomen and chest
12
Tx - Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Lincomycin or tiamulin
13
Prevention - Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- in feed medication
- lower stress
- respiratory spread control
14
How shold you justify an investigation?
- clinically
- financially
- ethically
15
What equipment can you use to remove a chip from joint space of horse?
Ferris-Smith fragment rongeurs (rotate to tear fragment free of soft tissue attachments)
16
What is a common racehorse fx?
Intermediate carpal bone (2nd most common site in intercarpal joints)
- excellent px
- return to performance decreases with chronicity and consequent loss of AC and subchondral bone
17
What is periosteal proliferativ arthritis?
= an idiopathic inflammatory arthritis
- linked to FeLV, FIV, FeSFV
18
Tx - periosteal proliferative arthritis
- prednisolone (immunosuppressive dose then taper down)
- poor reaction (add cyclophosphamide or azathioprine - never in cats, for canine IMPA)
- monitor response: SF cytology, WBC, secondary infections
- Physio (improve ROM)
19
Px - periosteal proliferative arthritis
- guarded to poor
- if joint deformity severe, euthanise on humane grounds
20
If NSAIDs have been given to manage joint pain, what should you question>
- dose?
- is this high enough to have an effect on pain?
- has dz progressed such that more pain now being experienced?
21
What biochemical analysis is done of joint tap?
- WBC, TP and differential count
- WBC >3000/microL (inflammatory)
- WBC
22
What to note on appearance of joint fluid:
- viscosity
- colour
- elasticity
- clarity
23
Describe joint fluid in DJD and IMPA (non-erosive)
- DJD: increase in macrophages, often WBC 3000 WBC/microL, negative culture
24
Tx - IMPA
steroids 3-6w, after this time about 56% are 'cured'
25
What hx to take with iguanas that are lame:
- balanced diet?
- what exactly are they fed?
- adequate water access?
- if nutritional deficit suspected, iguana may also have cracked skin/scales
26
Differentiate primary and secondary gout
- accumulation of urate crystals in organs and joints d/t chronic hyperuricaemia, generally d/t excess protein in diet
- secondary gout: d/t chronic hyperuricacemia d/t causes such as renal insufficiency or dehydration
27
Aetiology - secondary nutritional hyperparathyroid
- poor diet (low Ca:P ratio, vit D3 deficiency)
- poor husbandry (lack of UVB light/ inadequate thermal provision)
28
Aetiology - secondary renal hyperparathyroidism
renal dz
29
Ddx - lame iguana
- gout (primary/secondary)
- MBD (secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism or secondary renal hyperparathyroidism)
- immune-mediated
- inflammatory/ infectious
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