ERGO PRELIM (M1-M5)

Question 1

“ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY”

The Human work above the _______

Answer 1

Neck

Question 2

The focus of ________ tends to be on PERFORMANCE ON THE WORKPLACE, hence characterizing its close linkage back to ergonomics, the study of work, and particularly COGNITIVE
ERGONOMICS.

Answer 2

Engineering Psychology

Question 3

(GIVE 3)
The scientific study of _______, _______, and ________ applied to the design of equipment, workplaces, environments, jobs, instructions, interfaces, systems, and processes.

Answer 3

Human Characteristics
Capabilities
LImitations

Question 4

_______. The size, shape, surface-type and weight of the object being moved

Answer 4

Load

under LITE

Question 5

________. The type of manual handling activity such as pushing, pulling, lifting, or carrying, etc.

Answer 5

Task

under LITE

Question 6

________. The area in which the object is being moved

Answer 6

Environment

under LITE

Question 7

________. The capabilities ofthe person carrying out the manual handling activity

Answer 7

Individual

under LITE

Question 8

Engineering Psychology typically measures the “Big three”. Which are???????????

Answer 8

– Speed
– Accuracy
– Attentional demand

Question 9

(Give 3)

Engineering psychologists are quite interested in many cognitive phenomena that are not directly
reflected in performance, such as the degree of learning or memory of a concept, the quality of
________, _________, _________ in a decision.

Answer 9

– mental model
– situation awareness
– overconfidence

Acronym: MSO

Question 10

It is a systematic application of relevant information to design and evaluation of things

Answer 10

Human Factors Research Methodologies

Question 11

True or False:

All the Human Factors Research Methodologies’ information come from materials and conclusion.

Answer 11

False

Specific words:
“Observation” and “Experiment” daw.

Question 12

observe system in natural state. AKA _______

Answer 12

Observation

Question 13

manipulate system and observe outcomes. AKA ______

Answer 13

Experiment

Question 14

_________ is that which informs, i.e. that from which data can be derived

Answer 14

Information

Question 15

_________ is conveyed either as a content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of something.

Answer 15

Information

Question 16

Enumeration:

Give 6 types of Information

Answer 16

▪ Quantitative (e.g. 100% charged, 63% used)
▪ Qualitative (e.g. fully charged, partially charged)
▪ Status (normal, abnormal)
▪ Warning (abnormal - - potentially dangerous)
▪ Representational (e.g. pictures, diagrams, charts)
▪ Identification (e.g. labels, proofs)

QQ - SW - RI

Question 17

Who developed information theory?

Answer 17

Claude E. Shannon

Question 17

______ was developed to find fundamental LIMITS on SIGNAL PROCESSING operations such as compressing data.

Answer 17

Information theory

Question 18

Start by an environmental input or operator’s voluntary intention to act.

Answer 18

System Environment

Question 18

________ draws knowledge from statistical inference, natural language PROCESSING and other forms of DATA ANALYSIS

Answer 18

Information theory

Question 19

Short-term sensory store: All sensory systems have an associated STSS to prolong the representation of the raw
material for _____min or ____ sec.

Answer 19

0.05 mins

or

2-4 seconds

Question 20

______ permits environmental information to be preserved temporarily and dealt with later.

Answer 20

Short term sensory store

Question 21

True or False:
Familiar circumstances remove the ability to use past experiences.

Answer 21

False

“Unfamiliar” circumstances

Question 22

True or False: Poor sensory quality forces the perceiver to use bottom-up expectancies.

Answer 22

False:

“Top-down” expectancies

Question 22

True or False: If such expectancies are wrong, perceptual errors can occur

Answer 22

True

Question 23

WHAT PART OF THE HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING? ________ proceeds automatically and rapidly, and is driven both by sensory input (bottom-up processing) or by inputs from _________ memory about what events are expected.

Answer 23

--- Perception --- Long term

Question 24

_________ refers to processing sensory information as it is COMING IN. In other words, if a random picture is flashed on the screen, your eyes detect the features, your brain pieces it together, and you perceive a picture. It also refers to the way it is built up FROM THE SMALLEST pieces of sensory information

Answer 24

Bottom - up processing

Question 25

________ refers to perception that is DRIVEN BY COGNITION. Your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to perceive and fills in the blanks, so to speak.

Answer 25

Top - down processing

Question 26

TRUE OR FALSE: If there is no context to give it a specific meaning, there is no top-down processing involved. Thus, your brain engages in bottom-up processing

Answer 26

TRUEE

Question 27

Cognition operations require greater time, mental effort, or attention through rehearsal, reasoning, or image processing using _________.

Answer 27

working memory

Question 27

TRUE or FALSE: When given a context, your perception is driven by your cognitive expectations. Now you are processing in a bottom-up fashion.

Answer 27

FALSE: Top-down fashion Pag may context, matic top down

Question 28

True or False We all have memories and one way to understand them is to use them under controlled conditions.

Answer 28

Ture

Question 29

WHAT PART OF THE HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING? Understanding of a situation, achieved through perception and augmented by cognitive transformations, often triggers an action.

Answer 29

RESPONSE SELECTION AND RESPONSE EXECUTION

Question 30

WHAT PART OF THE HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING? Cognition operations require greater time, mental effort, or attention through rehearsal, reasoning, or image processing using working memory

Answer 30

-- Working Memory Cognition -- Long term Memory

Question 31

WHAT PART OF THE HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING? Short-term sensory store: All sensory systems have an associated STSS to prolong the representation of the raw material for 0.05min or 2-4 sec. STSS permits environmental information to be preserved temporarily and dealt with later

Answer 31

Sensory Processing STSS

Question 32

_____ describes decisions made under uncertainty. It distinguishes between different types of errors or successes, and describes the tradeoffs between them.

Answer 32

Signal Detection Theory

Question 33

What are 4 PARTS OF THE SIGNAL DETECTION? Enumerate

Answer 33

-- Stimulus -- Signal -- Noise -- Task SSNT

Question 34

Under PARTS OF THE SIGNAL DETECTION ______: sensory input(s)

Answer 34

Stimulus

Question 35

Under PARTS OF THE SIGNAL DETECTION ______: stimulus having a special pattern

Answer 35

Signal

Question 36

Under PARTS OF THE SIGNAL DETECTION ______: Obscuring stimuli

Answer 36

Noise

Question 37

Under PARTS OF THE SIGNAL DETECTION _______: Report “yes” when signal present, otherwise “no”

Answer 37

Task

Question 38

For reading: Example of Signal Detection Situation: steam power plant task: detect boiler leak stimulus: sound pressure level (SPL) signal: higher than normal SPL

Answer 38

Noted

Question 39

______ is a graphical plot of how often false alarms (x-axis) occur versus how often hits (y- axis) occur for any level of sensitivity

Answer 39

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve

Question 40

2 questions in 1 The Sensitivity of d’ is captured by the _______ in the curve. True or False The more the curve bends down to the left, the better the sensitivity

Answer 40

-- Bow -- False Must be: The more the curve bends UP to the RIGHT, the better the sensitivity.

Question 41

True or False: When humans detect signals, they make a simple three alternatives along a sequence of sensory evidence However, when humans must identify or classify three or more stimuli at different levels of sensory evidences, this task is called _________.

Answer 41

-- False: Must be "Simple 2 alternatives" hindi three -- Absolute judgment

Question 42

_______ is an example of a task in which the human transmits information from stimulus to response An observer assigns a stimulus into one of multiple categories along a __________

Answer 42

Absolute judgment Sensory Dimension

Question 43

An information can be expressed in terms of_______, simply equal to the base 2 logarithm of the number of possible events

Answer 43

bits (binomial digits)

Question 44

If EIGHT events could possibly occur, how many bits of information we will obtain in the stimulus?

Answer 44

Hs = Log_2(8)= 3 bits 3 bits of info obtained Trivia: A completely certain or predictable event conveys Hs = log2 1 = 0

Question 45

When the amount of TRANSMITTED information is less than the STIMULUS information (HT < HS), it is known as __________

Answer 45

Information loss

Question 46

When _____ discriminable stimuli are presented, information transmission (HT) is usually perfect

Answer 46

four

Question 47

True or false: When we increase the number of discrete stimulus levels (more than 4), error rate increases. This suggests the idea that every subject has a maximum channel capacity

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Edge Effect is the ____-degree slope of the dashed line indicates perfect information transmission.

Answer 48

45

Question 48

The level of the flat part or asymptote of the function indicates the channel capacity of the operator: somewhere between how many bits?

Answer 48

between 2 and 3 bits.

Question 48

Absolute judgments are also subject to the _________: “stimuli located in the middle of the range are generally identified with ______ (better or poorer?) accuracy than those at the extremes”

Answer 48

edge effect poorer

Question 49

There are two types of multidimensional judgments: which are?

Answer 49

orthogonal dimensions and correlated dimensions

Question 50

true or false Most of our recognition is based on the identification of one stimulus dimensions rather than levels along a single dimension.

Answer 50

False: Must be identification of 2 or more stimulus dimensions

Question 51

The level of the stimulus on one dimension can take on any value, and INDEPENDENT of the other. Such as Hair color and weight

Answer 51

Orthogonal Dimensions

Question 52

Orthogonal Dimensions As more dimensions are added, ______ (less or more?) total information is transmitted, but ______ (less or more?) information is transmitted per dimension”

Answer 52

-- More -- Less

Question 53

_____ describes The level on one constraints the level on another. Example (height and weight.

Answer 53

CORRELATED DIMENSIONS meaning both variables are DEPENDENT of each other (or they affect each other)

Question 53

CORRELATED DIMENSIONS As more dimensions are added, the security of the channel ________ (decreases or improve?), but ______ (Hs or Ht?) limits the amount of information that can be transmitted”

Answer 53

-- Improve -- Ht

Question 54

The _______________ is: - An (in) action that was not intended. ▪ An action not desired by a set of rules or an external observer. ▪ An action that led the task or system outside its ACCEPTABLE LIMITS.

Answer 54

Human error

Question 54

Human error detection is based on what? (Give 3)

Answer 54

✓ Action Based ✓ Process Based ✓ Output Based mt. "Apo"

Question 54

For Multidimensional Judgement -_____________ maximize HT, the efficiency of the channel. ▪ ___________ minimize Hloss; that is, they _______ (maximize or minimize) the security of the channel.

Answer 54

Orthogonal dimensions Correlated dimensions Maximize

Question 55

How does human error occur? (Give 3)

Answer 55

✓ Task Complexity ✓ Error-likely Situations ✓ Individual Differences In-T-Er (net)

Question 56

APPROACHES TO MINIMIZE HUMAN ERROR Appropriate skills and capabilities to perform required tasks

Answer 56

Personnel Selection

Question 57

APPROACHES TO MINIMIZE HUMAN ERROR Helps ensure appropriate skills; can be expensive and time consuming; people may revert to original behaviors under stress

Answer 57

Training

Question 58

APPROACHES TO MINIMIZE HUMAN ERROR Preferred method; maintainability, displays & controls, feedback (error detection), user expectations; categories: exclusionary, preventative, and fail-safe.

Answer 58

Design

Question 59

HUMAN ERROR CAUSES _______ is when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design has a problem that caused the mishap

Answer 59

Design Deficiency

Question 60

HUMAN ERROR CAUSES ______ is when the machine operated incorrectly

Answer 60

Equipment Malfunction

Question 61

HUMAN ERROR CAUSES ______ is when the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to fail

Answer 61

Manufacturing Defect

Question 62

HUMAN ERROR CAUSES _____ is when an outside factor such as the weather causes the hazardous condition

Answer 62

Environmental Hazard

Question 63

For reading only: HUMAN ERROR EXAMPLES ▪ Failing to perform or omitting a task ▪ Performing the task incorrectly ▪ Performing an extra or non-required task ▪ Performing tasks out of sequence ▪ Failing to perform the task within the time limit associated with it ▪ Failing to respond adequately to a contingency (Tap for more info)

Answer 63

For reading only: HUMAN ERROR CONTRIBUTORS ▪ Population stereotype ▪ Performance requirements that exceed human capability ▪ Design that promotes fatigue ▪ Inadequate facilities or information ▪ Difficult tasks ▪ Dangerous tasks ▪ Unpleasant tasks ▪ Repetitive or boring tasks ▪ Tasks at odds with the person's aptitude ▪ Stress, Illness, Sleep Deprivation, Injury

Question 64

Formula for reaction time?

Answer 64

Reaction Time = Response time (Hick-Hyman Law) + Movement Time (Fitts’ Law)

Question 65

_______ describes that more choices lead to slower decision-making

Answer 65

Hick - Hyman's Law (more on response time)

Question 66

______-- states that the size and distance of options influence users' movement time

Answer 66

Fitts' law (more on movement time

Question 67

What are the 7 VISUAL CAPABILITIES?

Answer 67

▪ Color discrimination and perception ▪ Accomodation - Mobility ▪ Contrast sensitivity ▪ Adaptation ▪ Perception ▪ Visual acuity CAM - CAP - V

Question 68

______ describes The whole different than the sum of its parts

Answer 68

GESTALT PERCEPTION individually, di mo kayang idescribe yung image. but if in group, nadedescribe mo yung image

Question 69

For reading only: GESTALT GROUPING PRINCIPLES -- Proximity or nearness (.. .. ..) -- Similarity ([][][]) -- Uniform Connectedness (their connection creates a pattern daw) -- Good continuation -- Common Fate / Symmetry (yung nakikita sa wooden chair) -- Closure (Grouped pieces form an image) (click for more info)

Answer 69

For reading only: PICTORIAL PERCEPTION -- Depth (Lumalalim yung pic) -- Aerial Perspective -- Shading or Lighting -- Elevation (Nakatungo sa ground, yet di kita sky) -- Relative Size

Question 69

_______ is the result of the relation between stimuli, rather than stimuli themselves.

Answer 69

Perception

Question 70

True or False: When conflicting or simultaneous information occurs through the different senses, the visual system often determines what we perceive.

Answer 70

true

Question 71

Initial decision in display design is to use _____ or _____ displays

Answer 71

visual auditory

Question 72

Types of Displays Indicates existence of a condition Example: Flash or No Flash symbol sa camera

Answer 72

Check Display

Question 73

Types of Displays Indicates an exact numerical value that must be read or that must be determined. Example: may nakalagay na 50% sa battery charge

Answer 73

Quantitative display

Question 73

Types of Displays Indicates status, approximate value or trend of a changing value Example: Wifi Symbol bumababa signal, Graph arrow umaakyat

Answer 73

Qualitative displays

Question 74

Types of Displays Used to convey detailed information Example: use of Serif fonts as texts, Display density should be as low as possible

Answer 74

Alphanumeric Displays

Question 75

Width height ratio of: -- Black text on white background -- White text on black background

Answer 75

-- 1:6 to 1:8 -- 1:8 – 1:10

Question 76

Types of Displays ▪ Convey exact numeric values well ▪ Difficult to read when changing rapidly ▪ More effort needed to determine trends Example: Timer

Answer 76

Digital Displays

Question 77

Types of Displays ▪ Extensively used for facilities ▪ Identifiable, as simple and as symmetric as possible Example: Male Female CR symbols

Answer 77

Symbolic Display

Question 78

Types of Displays ▪ Convey spatial information and trends effectively ▪ DO NOT provide precise values ▪ Direct depiction of the system state Example: yung knob sa stove. you dont know the exact amount of fuel pero you simply estimate based sa pagturn mo nung knob

Answer 78

Analog display

Question 79

Types of Displays Evoke immediate attention and requires immediate response -- exclamation point na may yellow bg

Answer 79

Warning and Caution (same kasi sila definition)

Question 80

Types of Displays Evokes general awareness of a marginal condition

Answer 80

Advisory

Question 81

PRINCIPLES THAT ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISUAL DISPLAYS _______ display should attract attention and located where people would be looking; prominence, novelty and relevance

Answer 81

Conspicuity

Question 82

PRINCIPLES THAT ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISUAL DISPLAYS visible under all expected viewing conditions (day or night viewing, bright sunlight, etc.

Answer 82

Visibility

Question 83

PRINCIPLES THAT ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISUAL DISPLAYS optimize contrast of characters to background, using font types that are easy to read

Answer 83

Legibility

Question 84

PRINCIPLES THAT ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISUAL DISPLAYS as few words as possible, no acronyms or abbreviations, telling exactly what to do

Answer 84

INTELLIGIBILITY

Question 85

PRINCIPLES THAT ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISUAL DISPLAYS important words, larger fonts and borderlines

Answer 85

Emphasis

Question 86

PRINCIPLES THAT ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISUAL DISPLAYS use standard words and symbols whenever they exist

Answer 86

Standadization

Question 87

PRINCIPLES THAT ENHANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF VISUAL DISPLAYS made of materials that resist aging and wear and tear

Answer 87

Maintainability

Question 88

LIGHT OR COLOR SIGNALS Indicate that certain functions are on

Answer 88

White

Question 89

LIGHT OR COLOR SIGNALS Indicate satisfactory conditions (GO, READY, POWER ON)

Answer 89

green

Question 90

LIGHT OR COLOR SIGNALS Marginal condition exists, ALERTNESS is needed, CAUTION be exercised, CHECKING is necessary, UNEXPECTED delays exists

Answer 90

Yellow. More on caution rather than risk

Question 91

LIGHT OR COLOR SIGNALS Stop, system is inoperative, corrective or overriding action need

Answer 91

Red

Question 92

LIGHT OR COLOR SIGNALS Emergency requiring IMMEDIATE action

Answer 92

Flashing Red

Question 93

LIGHT OR COLOR SIGNALS No special meaning but is used in combi with flashing red light

Answer 93

Blue wang wang wang

Question 94

Limit the number of colors in a display to _______ if users are inexperienced. In general, No more than ___ colors should be used

Answer 94

-- four -- seven Avoid: ▪ Reds with blues ▪ Reds with cyans ▪ Magentas with blues

Question 95

Color. _____ is good for backgrounds and large shapes

Answer 95

Blue

Question 96

Color ____ and _____ should not be used for small symbols and small shapes in peripheral areas of large displays

Answer 96

red and green

Question 97

Sound is created by ________ from some source

Answer 97

vibrations

Question 98

The _______ of a physical sound is associated with the human sensation of pitch

Answer 98

frequency

Question 99

Sound ______ is associated with the human sensation of loudness

Answer 99

intensity

Question 100

Frequency is expressed in _______, which is equivalent to ________

Answer 100

-- hertz (Hz) -- cycles per second

Question 101

On the musical scale, middle C (piano keyboard) has a frequency of ________

Answer 101

256 Hz

Question 102

The human ear is sensitive to frequencies between _____ to ______ Hz.

Answer 102

20 to 20,000 Hz

Question 103

Infants can hear tones of about _______ to ______

Answer 103

16 Hz to 20 KHz note: KILOHERTZ

Question 104

Older people can rarely hear above _______

Answer 104

12 KHZ NOTE: KILOHERTZ

Question 105

Sound intensity is commonly expressed in terms of ________, based on the ratio between ________, and the ________

Answer 105

-- decibels (dB) -- reference pressure level (Pr) -- pressure of interest (P)

Question 106

what SOUND INTENSITY LEVELS? Jet engine, explosion, thunder, riveter, jack hammer

Answer 106

Deafining

Question 107

what SOUND INTENSITY LEVELS? Busy street, duplicating machines, manufacturing

Answer 107

Very Loud

Question 108

what SOUND INTENSITY LEVELS? Street activities, typewriting

Answer 108

Loud

Question 109

what SOUND INTENSITY LEVELS? Conversation, Radio, Airconditioning

Answer 109

Moderate

Question 110

what SOUND INTENSITY LEVELS? Soft background music at home

Answer 110

Faint

Question 111

what SOUND INTENSITY LEVELS? Whisper in a soundproof room

Answer 111

Quiet

Question 112

_______ are recommended for qualitative information, such as indication of status, or for warnings

Answer 112

Tonal Signals

Question 113

______ may be appropriate for all types of messages

Answer 113

Speech

Question 114

What PRINCIPLES OF AUDITORY DISPLAYS? ▪ Avoid extreme auditory dimensions ▪ Establish intensity relative to ambient noise level ▪ Use interrupted or variable signals ▪ Do not overload the auditory channel

Answer 114

Presentation

Question 115

What PRINCIPLES OF AUDITORY DISPLAYS? ▪ Test signals to be used ▪ Avoid conflict with previously used signals ▪ Facilitate changeover from previous display

Answer 115

Installation

Question 116

True or False A tone stimulus evokes a more emotional response than a light or a voice

Answer 116

False must be Voice stimulus

Question 117

Buzzers may have frequencies as low as ______ and horns as high as _______

Answer 117

-- 150 Hz -- 4,000 Hz

Question 118

Use modulated signals ( ______ per second) (how many beeps?) to demand attention

Answer 118

1-8 beeps

Question 119

True or False: The maximum duration for a tonal signal should be 100 ms

Answer 119

False Must be minimum

Question 120

True or False Rapid intermittent signal could be used for high-priority messages

Answer 120

True

Question 121

Tonal signals should be at least _____ louder than the ambient noise

Answer 121

10 dB

Question 122

The signal frequency range for WARNING AND ALARM SIGNALS should be within ______ Hz, where the est range is between ______

Answer 122

-- 200 and 5,000 Hz -- 500 and 1,500 Hz

Question 123

If warning signal undulates or warbles, a range of _______ Hz is advantageous

Answer 123

500 to 1,000

Question 124

Use frequencies below ______ when warning signals have to travel long distances (e.g. more than 300 meters)

Answer 124

1000 Hz

Question 125

Use frequencies below _____ when warning signals have to “bend around” major obstacles, partitions or pass through sound barriers

Answer 125

500 Hz

Question 126

It is a sensory system responsible for providing our brain with information about body position, and It provides sense of balance and spatial orientation for normal movement and equilibrium.

Answer 126

Vestibular System

Question 127

Vestibular system provides us with ______ about where our body is in space.

Answer 127

information

Question 128

It is responsible for informing us whether our body is stationary or moving, how fast it is moving, and in what direction.

Answer 128

Vestibular System

Question 129

Provides a foundation for the development of all other sensory systems such as touch, vision, sound and proprioception.

Answer 129

Vestibular System

Question 130

Vestibular system provides information concerning ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 130

gravity, rotation and acceleration

Question 131

Abnormality in the association of the otoconia to the cupula within the membranous labyrinth.

Answer 131

BENIGN POSITIONAL VERTIGO

Question 132

Leads to a SUDDEN PROFOUND LOSS in auditory and vestibular function

Answer 132

LABYRINTHINE INFARCTION

Question 133

Sudden EPISODE of vertigo without hearing loss in an otherwise healthy person.

Answer 133

VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS

Question 134

INFLAMMATORY process occurring within the membranous labyrinth that may have a bacterial or viral etiology.

Answer 134

LABYRINTHITIS

Question 135

Inner ear disorder characterized by EPISODIC VERTIGO ATTACKS sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and pressure or fullness in the involved ear

Answer 135

MINIERE'S DISEASE

Question 136

VISUAL AURASE are the most frequent type, and may come in a wide variety of phenomena or hallucinations.

Answer 136

Migraine

Question 137

Studies COGNITION IN WORK and OPERATIONAL SETTINGS in order TO OPTIMIZE human well-being and system performance

Answer 137

Cognitive Ergonomics

Question 138

is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they AFFECT interactions among humans and other elements of a SYSTEM

Answer 138

Cognitive Ergonomics

Question 139

the scientific study and body of knowledge of human abilities, limitations, and characteristics for the appropriate design of living and work environments.

Answer 139

Ergonomics

Question 140

Ergonomics has existed as a profession for over 50 years, helping people to succeed in their jobs by means such as: (Cite 4)

Answer 140

-- Reducing HUMAN ERROR in the system performance -- Reducing HAZARDS to individuals in the work environment -- improving SYSTEM EFFICIENCY -- Improve QUALITY OF LIFE

Question 141

(For reading only) Economic advantages of Ergo and Human factors (Cite 5)

Answer 141

-- Minimize fatigue and overexertion -- Minimizing Absenteeism and labor turnover -- Improving quality and quantity of output -- Eliminating / Minimize Injuries, strains, and sprains -- Minimizing LOST TIME AND COSTS associated w/ injuries and accidents

Question 142

Why learn Human Factors and Ergonomics??

Answer 142

-- For economic advantages -- For progress in knowledge and Technology -- For moral imperative

Question 143

SCIENTIFIC STUDY about the Structure of organisms (including its appearance and positions)

Answer 143

Anatomy

Question 144

SCIENTIFIC STUDY of how the human body FUNCTIONS. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed.

Answer 144

Physiology

Question 145

SCIENTIFIC STUDY of the way the human mind works and how it influences BEHAVIOUR, or the influence of a particular person’s character on his or her own behavior.

Answer 145

PSYCHOLOGY

Question 146

is concerned with MENTAL PROCESSES, such as PERCEPTION, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect INTERACTIONS among humans and other elements of a SYSTEMS.

Answer 146

Cognitive ergonomics

Question 147

Give 7 relevant topic related to human system design

Answer 147

-- Human Reliability -- Human-Computer interaction -- Skilled Performance -- Decision making -- Training -- Mental Workload -- Work Stress

Question 148

The field of Cognitive ergonomics emerged predominantly in the ______ with the advent of personal computers and new developments in the fields ___________ and __________

Answer 148

-- 1970s -- Cognitive Psychology -- Artificial Intelligence

Question 149

TRUE OR FALSE: Psychology is the application of Cognitive Ergonomics to achieve optimization between people and their work

Answer 149

FALSE. must be "Cognitive ergonomics IS THE APPLICATION of Psychology." baliktad kasi eh

Question 150

TRUE OR FALSE: Cognitive Ergonomics is considered as applied science over the last 20 years

Answer 150

FALSE: must be over the last 27 years. Note na rin:Cogni ergo is an applied science

Question 151

___________ was one of the pioneers of "interactive systems engineering", and advocated the notion of "user-centered designs"

Answer 151

Enid Mumford [ISE UCD]

Question 152

There are 2 criterias for developing user centered design.

Answer 152

-- Task analysis (Is the evaluation of cognitive task demands} -- Analyzing motor control cognition during visual tasks (operating machinery attention evaluation)

Question 153

True or False. Cognitive ergonomics is a division of ergonomics (human factors), a discipline and practice that aims to ensure appropriate interaction between work, product and environment, and human needs, capabilities, and limitations.

Answer 153

True

Question 154

________ is a cognitive approach that is often equated with contemporary cognitive psychology

Answer 154

Human information processing model

Question 155

_________ for particular tasks describe the flow of information through the various stages and predict response times, error rates, error types, and other aspects of human performance.

Answer 155

Information processing models

Question 156

___________ refers to the cognitive limitations of consumers

Answer 156

Bounded rationality

Question 157

According to the bounded rationality, we make suboptimal decisions due to 3 factors: which are?

Answer 157

-- Cognitive limitations (Like self) -- Imperfect information (Sir ong) -- Time constraints (deadlines)

Question 158

True or False: When faced with simple choices, consumers may opt to “satisfice” instead of spending time and effort analyzing the situation – leading to a sub-optimal choice.

Answer 158

FALSE. must be faced with COMPLEX CHOICES. not SIMPLE

Question 159

_____ refers to our inability as humans to process information in an optimal manner. In other words, we are unable to consider all available factors in our decision making.

Answer 159

Cognitive limitations

Question 160

____ refers to the LACK of information a consumer has. Not many consumers likely to spend hours researching what it is and how it affects the performance of their decisions.

Answer 160

Information Imperfections

Question 161

______contricts our ability to process and anlyze a situation and come to an optimal decision

Answer 161

Time constraint

Question 162

Theory of Bounded rationality is devloped in what year?

Answer 162

1957. Simon

Question 163

Summarize Theory of Bounded Rationality

Answer 163

- Cant optimize decision making - Satisfaction over perfection - Lack of info - limited memory storage - cant oresee all the possible effects of options - follow heuristics rather than algorithims

Question 164

True or false: the Theory of Bounded Rationality describes following algorithms rather than heuristics

Answer 164

FALSE FALSE FALSE. Heuro over algo ang finofollow. which is not ideal, but describes theory of bounded rationality

Question 165

Theory of human error is developed by _____ during _____

Answer 165

-- By Reason (last name niya toh) -- 1990

Question 166

_____ describes an (in) action that was not intended / desired by a set of rules or an external observer / that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits - di sinasadya, di katanggap tanggap di sapat

Answer 166

Human error

Question 167

Describe Slip, Lapse, and Mistake.

Answer 167

Slip - Attentional Failures (e.g. nagmura sa harap ng prof) - Lapse - Memory failures - Mistake - Rule based / Knowledge based mistakes (wrong answers in tests)

Question 168

Aims to enhance HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION by using neural correlates to better understand situational task demadns

Answer 168

Neuroergonomics

Question 169

_________ is an emerging field that investigates the human brain in relation to behavioural performance in NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS and everyday settings

Answer 169

Neuroergonomics

Question 170

True or False (With identification hehe) Neuroergonomics is summarized by ________ "sci study of brain mechanism and psychological and physical function of humans in relation to TECHNOLOGY, WORK, AND ENVIRONMENT"

Answer 170

Raja Parasuraman True true true

Question 171

Cite 3 application of Cogni ergonomics

Answer 171

-- Designing a software interface to be EASY TO USE -- Designing icons and VISUAL CUES so that majority of people will understand and ACT in the intended manner -- Design an airplane cockpit or nuclear powerplant control system so that the operators WILL NOT MAKE CATASTHROPIC ERRORS

Question 172

In Physical Ergonomics. "The job fits the man" what is Cogni Ergonmics?

Answer 172

"Mind is as confortable at work as the body"

Question 173

True or false. If the physical surroundings reflect and support their natural cognitive tendencies, there will be more errors and performance & productivity -- negative boost

Answer 173

FALSE. If physical reflect cogni tendencies. LESS ERRORS AND MORE POSITIVE BOOSY IN PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY

Question 174

Indicates different types of _____________---- the mental processes/ functions scuh as perception, attention, and memory, which is what the mind creates.

Answer 174

Cognition

Question 175

True or false. The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. This indicates how our mind operates, creating representations, and its functions, enabling us to act and to achieve goals

Answer 175

TRUE

Question 176

____ is the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and HOW IT OPERATES.

Answer 176

Cognitive psychology

Question 177

2 questions Who created an experiment to determine HOW LONG IT TAKES for a person to MAKE A DECISION? It is determined by measuring what?

Answer 177

-- Donders (WITH S) (1868) -- reaction time

Question 178

Describes how long it takes to respond to the presentation of the stimulus.

Answer 178

Reaction time

Question 179

How was donder's experiment done? (explain in detail)

Answer 179

By measuring "Simple reaction time" and "Choice reaction time" Simple reaction time -- asking participants to push a button as rapidly as possible when that saw a light goon (no need to think) Choice reaction time - using 2 lights and asking participants to push the left button when they saw the left lighT, the push right when they saw the right light go on This is to determine how much time it takes for a person to DECIDE WHICH TO PUSH (WHICH KEY TO PUSH) during Choice reaction time

Question 180

Donders concluded in the experiment that the decision-making process took ___________________( how long?)

Answer 180

one-tenth of a second

Question 181

_________ experiment is important because it was one of the first cognitive psychology experiments and because it illustrates something extremely significant about studying the mind. (Mental responses cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from behaviour

Answer 181

Donders's experiment

Question 182

What is the formula of time to make a decision?

Answer 182

Choice reaction - simlple reaction time = time for decision making

Question 183

Who establish "STRUCTURALISM" and during when? He also founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology

Answer 183

-- Willhelm Wundt (Substantial contribution) -- 1879 (11 years after donders's experiment

Question 184

According to _______, our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experiment called __________.

Answer 184

-- Structuralism -- Sensations

Question 185

Wundt wanted to create a _______________, which would include all the basic SENSATIONS involved in creating experience.

Answer 185

PERIODIC TABLE of the MIND

Question 186

Wundt thought he could achieve a science description of the components of experience using _____________, a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

Answer 186

Analytic Introspection

Question 187

________ was interested in determining the nature of memory and forgetting - specifically, how rapidly information that is learned and lost overtime. developing a quantitative method for measuring memory.

Answer 187

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885'1913)

Question 188

How was Ebbinghaus experiment done?

Answer 188

He himslef is the responded. he repeated list of 13 nonsense syllables at a constant rate . His objective Is to determine number of repititions necessary to repeat list without errors

Question 189

True or false: Long break intervals = fewer repetitions necessary to relearn list of nonsense syllables (in ebbinghaus's experiment)

Answer 189

FALSE short break intervals = fewer repitions necessary.

Question 190

Ebbing hause used a measure called ______, to determine how much was forgotten after a particular delay? What is the formula??

Answer 190

- Savings - Formula: Savings = Original time to learn first - Time to relearn list after delay

Question 191

The decrease in savings (remembering) with increasing delays indicates that forgetting occurs rapidly over the ________ and then occurs more _______ (Slowly or fastly?) after that.

Answer 191

-- first 2 days -- Slowly Fogetting occurs rapidly in the first 1 to 2 days after orignila learning

Question 192

___________ one of the early american psychologists (not a student of wundt) taught harvard's first psychology cource and made significant observations about the mind in his textbook, PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY. When?

Answer 192

William James (1890)

Question 193

How was william james's Principles of psychology observed/studied?

Answer 193

develop observations based on the functions of his own mind, not experiments.

Question 194

____________ considered many topics in cognition, including thinking, consciousness, attention, memory, perception, imagination, and reasoning.

Answer 194

Principles of psychology

Question 195

-- Donders (year, their procedure, and contribution?) -- Wundt (year, their procedure, and contribution?) -- Ebbinghaus (year, their procedure, and contribution?) -- James (year, their procedure, and contribution?)

Answer 195

-- 1868, simple vs coice reaction time, first cogni psycho experiment -- 1879 (11 years later), analytic introspection, first lab of scientific psych -- 1885, (6 years), savings method to measure forgetting, one of the first quantitative measure of mental processes -- 1890 (5 years later), Only observations in own mind, first psych textbook

Question 196

Watson proposed a new approach called ___________. to eliminate the mind as a topic of study to directly obeserve behaviour. (1913, 23 years later))

Answer 196

Behaviorism NO LETTER U

Question 197

_____ AND _____ performed the "little albert" experiment assoicated with __________. Inspired by whos experiment?

Answer 197

--- Watson an Rosalie --- Classical Conditioning --- Pavlov's experiment

Question 198

_________describes how pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus causes changes in the response to the neutral stimulus.

Answer 198

Classical Conditioning

Question 199

Skinner provided another tool for studying the relationship between ____ and _______, thus introducing __________. (1938, 25 YEARS LATER)

Answer 199

--- Stimulus and response. --- Operant conditioning

Question 200

__________ focused how behaviour is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers such as rewards and punishments

Answer 200

Operant conditioning

Question 201

True or false: Rewarded behaviour are less likly repeated, while punished behaviour are more likely repeated

Answer 201

False.

Question 202

_________ (1938) trained rats to find food in four armed maze, creating a ________________

Answer 202

--- Tolman --- Cognitive map

Question 203

________ is the controversy over language acquisition

Answer 203

the decline of behaviorism

Question 204

_________ (1957) argued children learn language through ________. (Verbal Behaviour) -- children imitate the speech they hear -- correct speech is rewarded

Answer 204

-- Skinner -- Operant Conditioning

Question 205

__________ (1959) argued that children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement

Answer 205

Chomsky

Question 206

To understand complex cognitive behaviors: (Cite 3)

Answer 206

-- Measure observable behavior -- Consider what his behavior says about how the mind works -- make inferences about underlying cognitive activity

Question 207

____________ shift from behaviorist's stimulus-response relationships to an approach that attempts to explain behavior in temrs of the mind

Answer 207

Information Processing

Question 208

it is a way to study the mind based on insights associated with the digital computer. It also states that operation of the mind occurs in STAGES

Answer 208

Information processing approach

Question 209

______ (1953) built on James's idea of attention. -- present message A in left ear and message B in right ear. subjects understand details of message A despite also hearing message B.

Answer 209

Cherry

Question 210

_________ (1958) developed flow diagram to show what occurs as a person direct attention to one stimulus

Answer 210

Broadbent

Question 211

It is making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving.

Answer 211

Artificial intelligence

Question 212

Newell and Simon created the _________ that could create proofs of mathematical theorems involving logic principles

Answer 212

Logic theorist program

Question 213

___________ studies behavior of people with brain damage. ___________ studies electrical responses of the nervous system including brain neurons

Answer 213

Neuropsychology Electrophysiology

Question 214

2 technologies for brain imaging where -- both technologies show which brain areas are active during specific episodes of cognition

Answer 214

Brain imaging -- Positron emission tomography (PET) -- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 215

_____ and ______ (1968) developed a three-stage model of memory What the those three stages

Answer 215

Arkinson and Shiffrin ▪ sensory memory (less than 1 second) ▪ short term memory (a few seconds, limited capacity) ▪ long-term memory (long duration, high capacity)

Question 216

Fill in the blanks ▪ sensory memory (less than ___ second/s) ▪ short term memory (____ seconds, ________ capacity) ▪ long-term memory (______ duration, _____ capacity)

Answer 216

- 1 - A few, short - long, high

Question 217

One of the largest and most complex organs in the human body

Answer 217

Brain

Question 218

The brain is made up of more than ______ nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called ______.

Answer 218

- 100 BILLION - synapses

Question 219

_____ is the outermost layer of brain cells. Thinking and voluntary movements begin in here

Answer 219

Cortex

Question 220

is between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. Basic functions like BREATHING and SLEEP are controlled here.

Answer 220

Brain Stem

Question 221

are a cluster of structures in the center of the brain. It coordinates messages between multiple other brain areas.

Answer 221

Basal ganglia

Question 222

is at the BASE and the back of the brain. The _____ is responsible for coordination and balance

Answer 222

Cerebellum

Question 223

4 lobes of the brain

Answer 223

Frontal lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

Question 224

are responsible for problem solving and judgment and motor function.

Answer 224

Frontal Lobe

Question 225

manage sensation, handwriting, and body position.

Answer 225

parietal lobes

Question 226

are involved with memory and hearing

Answer 226

Temporal Lobes

Question 227

contain the brain's visual processing system.

Answer 227

Occipital lobes

Question 228

The brain is surrounded by a layer of tissue called _______

Answer 228

Meninges

Question 229

The ______ helps protect the brain from injury

Answer 229

Skull

Question 230

The study of the physiological basis of cognition. the biological processes that underlie human cognition, especially regarding the relation between BRAIN STRUCTURES, activity and cognitive functions.

Answer 230

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Question 231

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF COGNI NEUROSCIENCE

Answer 231

Determine how the brain functions and achieves performance

Question 232

Cognitive neuroscience is considered as a branch of both ___ and _____ because it combines the biological sciences with the behavioral sciences, such as psychiatry and psychology.

Answer 232

psychology and neuroscience

Question 233

_________ is an example of a biological process that influences cognition

Answer 233

Decision making

Question 234

The role of __________ , a neurotransmitter associated with FEELINGS of satisfaction, brain function, and decision making.

Answer 234

Dopamine

Question 235

______ plays a role in how we feel pleasure. It's a big part of our unique human ability to think and plan. It helps us strive, focus, and find things interesting.

Answer 235

dopamine

Question 236

When we make a decision that results in a reward, the activity level of dopamine neurons ________ (increase or decrease?) —and eventually this response happens even in anticipation of a reward.

Answer 236

increase

Question 237

It refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each approach contributing its own dimension to our understanding

Answer 237

Levels of Analysis

Question 238

True or Flase: We examine topics of interest from a single perspective;

Answer 238

False. DO NOT we look at them from multiple angles and different points of view.

Question 239

The ________ is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to TRANSMIT INFORMATION to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.

Answer 239

Neurons

Question 240

Each neuron has 3 parts, which is:

Answer 240

cell body, an axon, and dendrites

Question 241

The _______ contains the nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons. It contains mechanisms to keep cells alive.

Answer 241

Cell body

Question 242

The ________ extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches before ending at nerve terminals, which receive information from other neurons

Answer 242

Axon

Question 243

_______ are tube filled with fluid that TRANSMITS electrical SIGNAL to other neurons.

Answer 243

dendrites

Question 244

When they viewed this stained tissue (on brains) under a microscope, they saw a network they called a _______

Answer 244

nerve net

Question 245

Nerve net allows for almost nonstop continous communication. true or flase?

Answer 245

True

Question 246

was using two techniques to investigate the nature of the nerve net. Establishing Neuron doctrine

Answer 246

Ramon y Cajal

Question 247

This property of the newborn brain, combined with the fact that the Golgi stain affects less than _______ of the neurons, made it possible for Cajal to clearly see that the nerve net was not continuous but was instead made up of _____________

Answer 247

--- 1% --- individual units connected

Question 248

Individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuously linked with other cells. Concept is called ______

Answer 248

Neuron doctrine

Question 249

________ was able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons, using _______

Answer 249

--- Edgar Adrian --- Microelectrodes

Question 250

small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct these signals back to a recording device

Answer 250

Microelectrodes`

Question 251

There are two electrodes: a ________, shown with its RECORDING tip inside the neuron, and a _________, located some distance away so it is not affected by the electrical signals. The difference between them is fed into a computer and displayed on the computer’s screen.

Answer 251

--- Recording electrode --- reference electrode

Question 252

Reading comprehension w/ slight fill in the blank Recording an action potential as it travels down an axon. (a) When the nerve is at rest, there is a difference in charge, called the resting potential, of _________ between the inside and outside of the axon. The difference in charge between the recording and reference electrodes is fed into a computer and displayed on a computer monitor. This difference in charge is displayed on the right. (b) As the nerve impulse, indicated by the red band, passes the electrode, the inside of the fiber near the electrode becomes more positive. (c) As the nerve impulse moves past the electrode, the charge in the fiber becomes more negative. (d) Eventually the neuron returns to its resting state.

Answer 252

−70 millivolts (mV)

Question 253

(a) This value, which stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron, is called the ________. In other words, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 mV more negative than the outside, and this difference continues as long as the neuron is at rest.

Answer 253

resting potential

Question 254

Shows what happens when the neuron’s receptor is stimulated so that a _________ is transmitted down the axon. As the impulse passes the recording electrode, the charge inside the axon rises to_________ compared to the outside

Answer 254

nerve impulse + 40 millivolts,

Question 255

As the impulse continues past the electrode, the charge inside the fiber reverses course and starts becoming negative again, until it returns to the resting potential. This impulse, which is called the ______, lasts about ________

Answer 255

-- action potential -- 1 millisecond (1/1000 of a second).

Question 256

read (a) Early work on neural representation and cognition focused on recording from single neurons in the visual cortex, where "signals first arrive at the cortex". (b) Researchers then began to explore other places in the brain and found that "visual stimulation" causes activity that is distributed across many areas of the cortex. (c) Recent work has focused on looking at how these distributed areas are connected by neural networks and how activity flows in these networks. Note that, except for the visual area in (a), the locations of the areas in this figure do not represent the locations of actual areas. They are for illustrative purposes only.

Answer 256

noted

Question 257

_______ and _______ research with visual stimuli among cats.

Answer 257

David Hubel and Thorsten Wiesel

Question 258

One possible answer to the question “how can nerve impulses stand for different qualities?” is that perhaps _________

Answer 258

there are neurons that fire only to specific qualities of stimuli

Question 259

6 common function determined by resting state fMRI

Answer 259

-- Visual -- Somato-motor (movement and touch) -- Dorsal Attention (Attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations) -- Executive Control (Higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory) -- Salience (Attending to survival-relevant events in the environment) -- Default mode (mind wandering) VSD ESD

Question 260

(Attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations)

Answer 260

Dorsal Attention

Question 261

(Higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory)

Answer 261

Executive Control

Question 262

(Attending to survival-relevant events in the environment)

Answer 262

Salience

Question 263

mind wandering, and cognitive activity related to personal life-story, social functions, and monitoring internal emotional states

Answer 263

Default mode

Question 264

nterconnected areas of the brain that communicate with each other.

Answer 264

NEURAL NETWORKS

Question 265

structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain.

Answer 265

Connectcome

Question 266

3 LOCALIZATION DEMONSTRATED BY BRAIN IMAGING Meron pa isa, di lang na include sa sagot

Answer 266

== The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is activated by places but not by other stimuli (Objects found on that place) == The extrastriate body area (EBA) is activated by bodies but not by other stimuli (tools, specific face, movements)

Question 267

Measures neural activity by identifying highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules ▪ Activity recorded in voxels (3-D pixels)

Answer 267

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)

Question 268

responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes)

Answer 268

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Question 269

Responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies.

Answer 269

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Question 270

2questions - Responds specifically to faces ▪ Damage to this area causes _______ (inability to recognize daces)

Answer 270

Fusiform face area (FFA prosopagnosia

Question 271

Define the receiveing areas of each lobe

Answer 271

▪ Occipital lobe: vision (EYES) ▪ Parietal lobe: touch, temperature, and pain (SKIN) ▪ Temporal lobe: hearing, taste, and smell (HEAD) - Frontal lobe: Coordination of information received from all senses

Question 272

--- Specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain. --- Cognitive functioning declines in specific ways when certain areas of the brain are damaged. --- _______ contains mechanisms responsible for most cognitive functions.

Answer 272

Cerebral cortex (3-mm-thick layer covering the brain) oted

Question 273

--- When we perceive different objects, we do so in a specific order that moves from LOWER TO HIGHER areas of the brain --- The ascension from lower to higher areas of the brain corresponds to perceiving objects that range from lower (simple) to higher levels of complexity

Answer 273

HIERARCHICAL PROCESSING

Question 274

the structure of the brain changes with experience

Answer 274

EXPERIENCE – DEPENDENCY PLASTICITY funfact Kittens exposed to vertical-only stimuli over time could only perceive verticals in normal stimuli ▪ Demonstrated that perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of a stimulus.

Question 275

The problem of neural representation for the senses has been called the problem of _______

Answer 275

sensory coding

Question 276

TYPES OF SENSORY CODING (give 3)

Answer 276

Specificity coding: Population coding Sparse coding

Question 277

representation of a stimulus by the firing of SPECIFICALLY tuned neurons specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus

Answer 277

Specificity coding:

Question 278

representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a LARGE number of neurons

Answer 278

Population coding

Question 279

representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing of only a SMALL group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

Answer 279

Sparse Coding

Question 280

Reminder: dalhin ergo printed papers

Answer 280

okay