Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

non-random selection of random variables

Question 2

Beliefs in the ancient world

Answer 2

viewed species as fixed and unchanging, spontaneously appearing

Question 3

beliefs in the abrahamic world

Answer 3

divinely designed

Question 4

beliefs in the enlightenment

Answer 4

each species has a purpose

Question 5

Catastrophism

Answer 5

study of palaeontology, doesn’t believe in gradual change

Question 6

Gradualism

Answer 6

Geological features explained by gradual mechanisms operating

Question 7

Lamarckian Evolution

Answer 7

Use and disuse
Inheritance of acquired traits
Organisms altered behaviour in response to environmental change

Question 8

Fossil Record

Answer 8

Examining extinct species and identifying their era
Issues - Soft tissue and uncommon

Question 9

Dating Methods

Answer 9

Relative dating and Radiometric dating

Question 10

Relative dating

Answer 10

Using the position of the fossil within the rock

Question 11

Radiometric dating

Answer 11

Using radioactive decay, half-life

Question 12

Biogeography

Answer 12

Study of the biological distribution of organisms

Question 13

Homology

Answer 13

Similarities between organisms due to a common ancestor

Question 14

Analogy

Answer 14

Similarities between organisms due to similar adaptations to their environment

Question 15

Vestigial Organs

Answer 15

Seemingly useless organs leftover from ancestors

Question 16

Molecular Evolution

Answer 16

The sharing of genes between different organisms

Question 17

Discrete Characters

Answer 17

no blend, single locus with different alleles

Question 18

Polymorphism

Answer 18

2 or more discrete characters are present and noticeable within a population “morphs”

Question 19

Microevolution

Answer 19

Change in allele frequency in a population

Question 19

Macroevolution

Answer 19

Large-scale changes in an organism

Question 20

Gene Pool

Answer 20

All of the alleles for all the loci present in the population

Question 21

Genotypic frequency

Answer 21

the proportion of a particular genotype in a population

Question 22

Allele frequency

Answer 22

the proportion of a particular allele in a population

Question 23

Genetic Equilibrium

Answer 23

The frequency of alleles do not change from gen-to-gen

Question 24

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 24

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p + q = 1

Question 25

Genetic fitness

Answer 25

the genotype that produces the most offspring

Question 26

Mutation

Answer 26

new genes and new alleles only by mutation only passed on if present in gametes

Question 27

Genetic Drift

Answer 27

change in gene pool due to a random change

Question 28

Gene Flow

Answer 28

mixing of populations leading to a change in available alleles

Question 29

Bottleneck effect

Answer 29

an event at which a small fraction of the population survives

Question 30

Founder effect

Answer 30

sample population segregates themselves changing available genes

Question 31

Sexual Selection

Answer 31

mate choice and competition

Question 32

Mate Choice

Answer 32

females choosing the most impressive male

Question 33

Intrasexual Selection

Answer 33

Competition between males for a female

Question 34

Natural Selection

Answer 34

adaptation of an organism to its environment Positive - increasing frequency Negative - decreasing frequency

Question 35

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 35

Select against phenotypic extremes

Question 36

Directional Selection

Answer 36

Select a phenotypic extreme

Question 37

Disruptive Selection

Answer 37

Select both phenotypic extremes, eventually 2 different species