Evolution Ms73-78 Flashcards Preview

Honors Biology 1 > Evolution Ms73-78 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Evolution Ms73-78 Deck (46)
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1
Q

what did Georges Buffon do?

A

species change over time due to random chance(mutation) and environmental pressures (adaptation)

2
Q

what did Georges Cuvier do?

A

used fossil evidence to show extinct related to extant

3
Q

what did Thomas Malthus do?

A

survival of the fittest

4
Q

what did Charles Darwin do?

A

Descent with modification (Natural SelectionP)

5
Q

what is natural selection?

A
  1. competition in a genetically varied population
  2. survival of the fittest
  3. speciation(evolution dependent on different environments
6
Q

what are the concepts of natural selection?

A
  1. biological fitness; ability to survive and reproduce

2. differential reproduction; fitter individuals reproduce more

7
Q

what was the proposed mechanism for evolution in the joint paper between Charles Darwin and other?

A

Natural Selection

8
Q

what is the definition of evolution?

A

theory: a change in the gene pool of a population

9
Q

what must be present for evolution?

A

genetic variation

10
Q

how does genetic variation arise?

A

mutation, immigration, emigration

11
Q

what did the Galapagos Islands show examples of to Darwin?

A

adaptations resulting from different selective pressures

12
Q

what do the fossil records show about different types of animals?

A

fish->amphibians->reptiles-> birds, mammals

13
Q

fossils provide evidence for what?

A

descent w/ modification (similarities)
and
stepping stone species(transitional)

14
Q

embryonic development showed evidence for what?

A

common ancestry (striking similarities)

15
Q

what are homologous structures?

A

traits that were once common but are now different due to environmental pressures (phalanges)

16
Q

what are vestigial structures?

A

unused traits that were once used before

17
Q

what are analogous structures?

A

arise from convergent evolution; populations under similar environmental pressures may develop similar traits

18
Q

what did the universal genetic code provide evidence for?

A

all life shared a common ancestor

19
Q

what is Artificial Selection?

A

selection of a desired trait led to selective breeding

20
Q

what is microevolution?

A

change in a populations gene pool from generation to the next

21
Q

what is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

22
Q

what does the p² represent?

A

allele frequency of RR to get expected genotype

23
Q

what does the 2pq represent?

A

allele frequency of Rr to get expected genotype

24
Q

what does the q² represent?

A

allele frequency of rr to get expected genotype

25
Q

what 4 mechanisms contribute to evolution?

A

mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection

26
Q

what is gene flow?

A

migration between populations

27
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

loss of individuals not related to biological fitness

28
Q

what can genetic drift cause?

A

genetic bottleneck; reduces genetic variation and thus lowers the probability of natural selection shifting the population towards adaptation

29
Q

what is the only mechanism contribution got evolution that is NOT random?

A

natural selection

30
Q

what are the three types of natural selection?

A

directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection

31
Q

define selective pressures?

A

environmental factors affecting reproduction and survival based on a niche

32
Q

define adaptive radiation?

A

rapid evolution of multiple new species from an ancestral species due to difference in niches

33
Q

three kinds of macroevolution?

A

divergent (branch off)
convergent (converge onto same traits)
co-evolution (evo. of one causes evo. of other)

34
Q

what is Allopatric Speciation?

A

formation of new species due to population isolation

35
Q

what is rapid Allopatric Speciation?

A

adaptive radiation

36
Q

what are the two kinds of reproductive barriers?

A

pre-zygotic
and
pst-zygotic

37
Q

what are the 6 pre-zygotic barriers?

A
behavioral
mechanical 
geographic
ecological
temporal
gametic
38
Q

what is the post-zygotic barrier?

A

when a zygote does not produce a viable, fertile offspring

39
Q

what did primates coincide with?

A

extinction of Dinosaurs

40
Q

characteristics of primates?

A
opposable thumbs
large brain
flexible shoulder joints
binocular vision->depth perception
5fingers/toes
41
Q

what family are humans in, along with all great apes?

A

Hominidae

42
Q

what are great apes also known as?

A

hominids

43
Q

Great Ape characteristics?

A

tool use
symbolic language
deceit

44
Q

what are humans?

A

hominins

45
Q

first bipedal human ancestor?

A

Lucy, A. afarensis

46
Q

how is bipedalism possible?

A

arched feet, larger knee joints, angle of femur bones