Evolution Ms73-78

Question 1

what did Georges Buffon do?

Answer 1

species change over time due to random chance(mutation) and environmental pressures (adaptation)

Question 2

what did Georges Cuvier do?

Answer 2

used fossil evidence to show extinct related to extant

Question 3

what did Thomas Malthus do?

Answer 3

survival of the fittest

Question 4

what did Charles Darwin do?

Answer 4

Descent with modification (Natural SelectionP)

Question 5

what is natural selection?

Answer 5

1. competition in a genetically varied population
2. survival of the fittest
3. speciation(evolution dependent on different environments

Question 6

what are the concepts of natural selection?

Answer 6

1. biological fitness; ability to survive and reproduce

2. differential reproduction; fitter individuals reproduce more

Question 7

what was the proposed mechanism for evolution in the joint paper between Charles Darwin and other?

Answer 7

Natural Selection

Question 8

what is the definition of evolution?

Answer 8

theory: a change in the gene pool of a population

Question 9

what must be present for evolution?

Answer 9

genetic variation

Question 10

how does genetic variation arise?

Answer 10

mutation, immigration, emigration

Question 11

what did the Galapagos Islands show examples of to Darwin?

Answer 11

adaptations resulting from different selective pressures

Question 12

what do the fossil records show about different types of animals?

Answer 12

fish->amphibians->reptiles-> birds, mammals

Question 13

fossils provide evidence for what?

Answer 13

descent w/ modification (similarities)
and
stepping stone species(transitional)

Question 14

embryonic development showed evidence for what?

Answer 14

common ancestry (striking similarities)

Question 15

what are homologous structures?

Answer 15

traits that were once common but are now different due to environmental pressures (phalanges)

Question 16

what are vestigial structures?

Answer 16

unused traits that were once used before

Question 17

what are analogous structures?

Answer 17

arise from convergent evolution; populations under similar environmental pressures may develop similar traits

Question 18

what did the universal genetic code provide evidence for?

Answer 18

all life shared a common ancestor

Question 19

what is Artificial Selection?

Answer 19

selection of a desired trait led to selective breeding

Question 20

what is microevolution?

Answer 20

change in a populations gene pool from generation to the next

Question 21

what is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Answer 21

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 22

what does the p² represent?

Answer 22

allele frequency of RR to get expected genotype

Question 23

what does the 2pq represent?

Answer 23

allele frequency of Rr to get expected genotype

Question 24

what does the q² represent?

Answer 24

allele frequency of rr to get expected genotype

Question 25

what 4 mechanisms contribute to evolution?

Answer 25

mutation gene flow genetic drift natural selection

Question 26

what is gene flow?

Answer 26

migration between populations

Question 27

what is genetic drift?

Answer 27

loss of individuals not related to biological fitness

Question 28

what can genetic drift cause?

Answer 28

genetic bottleneck; reduces genetic variation and thus lowers the probability of natural selection shifting the population towards adaptation

Question 29

what is the only mechanism contribution got evolution that is NOT random?

Answer 29

natural selection

Question 30

what are the three types of natural selection?

Answer 30

directional selection stabilizing selection disruptive selection

Question 31

define selective pressures?

Answer 31

environmental factors affecting reproduction and survival based on a niche

Question 32

define adaptive radiation?

Answer 32

rapid evolution of multiple new species from an ancestral species due to difference in niches

Question 33

three kinds of macroevolution?

Answer 33

divergent (branch off) convergent (converge onto same traits) co-evolution (evo. of one causes evo. of other)

Question 34

what is Allopatric Speciation?

Answer 34

formation of new species due to population isolation

Question 35

what is rapid Allopatric Speciation?

Answer 35

adaptive radiation

Question 36

what are the two kinds of reproductive barriers?

Answer 36

pre-zygotic and pst-zygotic

Question 37

what are the 6 pre-zygotic barriers?

Answer 37

``` behavioral mechanical geographic ecological temporal gametic ```

Question 38

what is the post-zygotic barrier?

Answer 38

when a zygote does not produce a viable, fertile offspring

Question 39

what did primates coincide with?

Answer 39

extinction of Dinosaurs

Question 40

characteristics of primates?

Answer 40

``` opposable thumbs large brain flexible shoulder joints binocular vision->depth perception 5fingers/toes ```

Question 41

what family are humans in, along with all great apes?

Answer 41

Hominidae

Question 42

what are great apes also known as?

Answer 42

hominids

Question 43

Great Ape characteristics?

Answer 43

tool use symbolic language deceit

Question 44

what are humans?

Answer 44

hominins

Question 45

first bipedal human ancestor?

Answer 45

Lucy, A. afarensis

Question 46

how is bipedalism possible?

Answer 46

arched feet, larger knee joints, angle of femur bones