Ms 59-65 & probability, blood, and pedigree labs

Question 1

what is a gene?

Answer 1

stretch of DNA encoding a protein product

Question 2

what are alleles?

Answer 2

different versions of a gene

Question 3

diploid cells?

Answer 3

2 alleles from each gene (pat. mat.)

Question 4

where are alleles located?

Answer 4

the same loci on homologues (pat. mat.)

Question 5

how are new alleles produced?

Answer 5

mutations

Question 6

heterozygous?

Answer 6

two copies of different alleles (carrier/ hybrid)

Question 7

homozygous?

Answer 7

two copies of same allele

Question 8

genotypic and phenotypic ratio of a hybrid cross?

Answer 8

2: 1:1 genotypic
3: 1 phenotypic

Question 9

who is the “Father of Genetics”?

Answer 9

Gregor Mendel

Question 10

what did Mendel not know about?

Answer 10

genes
meiosis
DNA

Question 11

what is single-gene inheritance?

Answer 11

traits controlled by the expression of one gene

Question 12

All traits Mendel studied were what?

Answer 12

complete dominance

Question 13

Mendel used what kind of crosses?

Answer 13

genetic crosses with true-breeding parents

Question 14

what is the law of segregation?

Answer 14

alleles from each gene are segregated during meiosis

Question 15

what are the generation names from top to bottom

Answer 15

P generation (True-breeding)
F1 generation (hybrids)
F2 generation (mix of hybrid and true-breeding)

Question 16

what happens if the wrong blood type is given to a person?

Answer 16

the anti antigen bonds to the blood, clumping and causing clots

Question 17

what is mother-fetus incompatibility?

Answer 17

if the fetus is Rh+ and mother is Rh- then mom’s immune system may attack baby’s blood

Question 18

what is a dihybrid cross?

Answer 18

2 true breeding plants for 2 traits

has 4 alleles in the genotype, making a 16 square Punnet Square

Question 19

what ratio is typical of a dihybrid cross with non linked genes?

Answer 19

9:3:3:1

Question 20

what is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 20

The inheritance of one trait is independent of the inheritance of another trait

Question 21

Who did the fruit fly experiment?

Answer 21

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 22

what did Morgan’s results conclude?

Answer 22

opposed IA
discovered genetic linkage
studied wing length and body color

Question 23

what do you call phenotypes controlled by one trait?

Answer 23

monogenic (Mendelian traits)

Question 24

what do you call phenotypes controlled by multiple traits?

Answer 24

polygenic

Question 25

monogenic follow what?

Answer 25

simple patterns

Question 26

polygenic follow what?

Answer 26

complex patterns

Question 27

another word for incomplete dominance?

Answer 27

blending

Question 28

examples of incomplete dominate AKA blending?

Answer 28

snapdragons, palomino horses

Question 29

what is co-dominance?

Answer 29

some of both traits

Question 30

examples of co-dominance?

Answer 30

blood(AB), sickle-cell anemia

Question 31

what are Environmental Effects?

Answer 31

the rate/amount a gene is expressed is affected by the environment

Question 32

example of Environmental Effects?

Answer 32

alligators ( low temp.=female, high temp.=male) | Siamese Cat Coat Color (tyrosinase pigment levels higher at lower temp.)

Question 33

what are Pleiotropic genes?

Answer 33

when 1 gene influences multiple traits

Question 34

example of Pleiotropic genes?

Answer 34

albinism

Question 35

what happens if the tyrosinase gene in albinos is mutated?

Answer 35

can lead to hypo pigmentation and eye problems

Question 36

what is there a balance between when determine pigment levels of people?

Answer 36

a balance between folate and vitamin

Question 37

what are sex-linked traits?

Answer 37

traits coded for by genes on sex chromosomes

Question 38

examples of sex-linked disease?

Answer 38

hemophilia

Question 39

which disorders are both sexes equally likely to inherit?

Answer 39

autosomal disorders(non sex-linked)

Question 40

what do you call alterations in chromosomal structure?

Answer 40

chromosomal aberrations

Question 41

what other way can you get genetic disorders besides inheritance?

Answer 41

chromosomal aberrations

Question 42

what is Aneuploidy?

Answer 42

mistake made during anaphase of meiosis resulting in too many or too few chromosomes in a gamete

Question 43

what does Aneuploidy usually lead to?

Answer 43

death

Question 44

examples of Aneuploidy?

Answer 44

``` trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY, reduced fertility, female characteristics) ```

Question 45

four kinds of Chromosomal Aberrations?

Answer 45

Deletion (segment with genes lost--> XY female) Duplication (locus "stutter", genes duplicated--> breast cancer) Inversion (broken segment reattaches in wrong orientation---------->infertility) Translocation (broken segment reattaches to wrong chromosome---> XX male)

Question 46

what cells are not involved in reproduction?

Answer 46

somatic cells

Question 47

what cells undergo meiosis to produce gametes?

Answer 47

germ line cells

Question 48

what alleles arise due to mutations?

Answer 48

disease alleles

Question 49

why is being homozygous dominant rare for a disease?

Answer 49

usually results in an embryonic lethal

Question 50

what are Genetic disorders?

Answer 50

set of symptoms caused by inherited alleles

Question 51

Autosomal recessive?

Answer 51

males+females ~equally affected can skip generations unaffected parents can have affected offspring 2 affected parents=all offspring affected

Question 52

Autosomal dominant?

Answer 52

males+females ~equally affected can not skip generations affected offspring must have at least 1 affected parent no carriers usually not homozygous dominant= embryonic lethal

Question 53

X-linked recessive?

Answer 53

more common in males | affected male x carrier female = 50% daughters affected

Question 54

X-linked dominant?

Answer 54

affected male= 100% of daughters affected | affected female= 50% of offspring affected

Question 55

how to determine %probability of trait?

Answer 55

decimal percentage of each parent multiplied