MS51-57 Test

Question 1

4 main phases of cell cycle?

Answer 1

Mitotic (M phase)
G1
Synthesis (S phase
G2

Question 2

what happens in M phase?

Answer 2

process of nuclear division

in which chromosomes are paired then divided creating two daughter cells through a 5 step process

Question 3

5 steps of M phase?

Answer 3

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

Question 4

what happens in G1?

Answer 4

growth and activity

Question 5

what happens in S phase?

Answer 5

DNA is replicated

Question 6

what happens in G2?

Answer 6

continued growth and building of spindle fibers and centrioles

Question 7

what are growth factors?

Answer 7

a protein boosting growth of a tissue

Question 8

what are cyclins?

Answer 8

a protein that initiates Mitosis (M)

Question 9

cells that don’t divide?

Answer 9

neurons
muscle cells
red blood cells

Question 10

cells that often divide?

Answer 10

skin cells
intestinal tract lining cells
nail/hair cells

Question 11

what are stem cells?

Answer 11

cells that can permanetly change into another type of cell

Question 12

what are gametes?

Answer 12

sex cells, either eggs or sperm
contain half the # of normal chromosomes

when joined produce a full set

Question 13

what is asexual reproduction?

Answer 13

does not require two organisms to produce offspring; offspring are identical to parents

Question 14

what is sexual reproduction?

Answer 14

requires two multicellular organisms and the offspring have a 50/50 mix of alleles from both parents

Question 15

kinds of asexual and who use it?

Answer 15

budding (lots of division at one site) yeast and coral

fragmentation (a piece of you becomes new) plants and sponges

Question 16

kind of sexual and who use it?

Answer 16

bacterial conjugation; bacteria

meiosis 1/2;for gametes

mitosis; for growth/repair/ maintenance

Question 17

what is interphase?

Answer 17

G1, S, G2

Question 18

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 18

cytoplasmic division producing 2 daughter cells

Question 19

what is Go?

Answer 19

a resting non-dividing cell that exited the cell cycle

Question 20

how is the cell cycle controlled?

Answer 20

growth factors-> cyclins -> CDK’s

Question 21

what stops the cell cycle?

Answer 21

abnormalities such as;
DNA damage
mistakes in DNA replication
mitotic spindle malfunctions

Question 22

what happens if cell cycle continues through abnormalities?

Answer 22

can lead to cancer or other diseases

Question 23

what is a mutation?

Answer 23

change in DNA sequence that can be passed on

can be silent

Question 24

what can cause a mutation?

Answer 24

alteration of base DNA

destruction/introduction/moving of genes/chromosomes

Question 25

what are tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 25

(AKA antioncogene) a cell that protects the cell from a step that leads to cancer

Question 26

what is proto-oncogene?

Answer 26

a normal gene that when altered becomes oncogene which contributes to cancer some signal cell division or regulate apoptosis

Question 27

what is P53?

Answer 27

a gene regulating apoptosis, suppresses tumors, regulates cell cycle, and stops cell division if there is damaged DNA

Question 28

benign tumors?

Answer 28

non-cancerous | non-spreading

Question 29

malignant tumors?

Answer 29

cancerous out of control cells | can invade other tissue which spreads and leads to metastasis

Question 30

cancer facts?

Answer 30

40% of people diagnosed 200 types 30% due to tobacco 1 in 4 deaths by cancer

Question 31

what is cancer?

Answer 31

characterized by tumors, which when one gains the ability to spread becomes cancer

Question 32

what causes cancer?

Answer 32

mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle 10% of cancer is hereditary

Question 33

what is stage 4 cancer?

Answer 33

spread of tumors from original site

Question 34

how to grow from benign to malignant?

Answer 34

angiogenesis loss of cell adhesion loss of anchorage dependance

Question 35

what are haploids?

Answer 35

1 set of chromosomes use meiosis called gametes

Question 36

what are diploids?

Answer 36

2 sets of chromosomes use mitosis somatic cells

Question 37

what is chromatin?

Answer 37

the material that composes chromosomes (except bacteria) | made of protein, DNA, and RNA

Question 38

what is Histone Proteins?

Answer 38

package and order DNA | mainly in chromatin

Question 39

what are chromosomes made of?

Answer 39

chromatin

Question 40

vertebrates are usually?

Answer 40

diploid (1 mat. 1 pat.)

Question 41

what are somatic cells?

Answer 41

(2n)body cells that build an individual

Question 42

haploid cells?

Answer 42

gametes (n)

Question 43

how many homologous pairs are in humans?

Answer 43

23

Question 44

how many chromosomes are in humans? how many are autosomal (non-sex)

Answer 44

46 44

Question 45

in gametes how many chromosomes? how many are autosomal?

Answer 45

23 22

Question 46

what is Karyotype?

Answer 46

shows the # and physical appearance of chromosomes in a cell's nucleus

Question 47

cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?

Answer 47

``` animal= cleavage furrow plant= cell plate ```

Question 48

what are germ line cells?

Answer 48

sex cells

Question 49

what is reduction division?

Answer 49

AKA meiosis; division of a germ cell into 4 gametes

Question 50

what is a tetrad?

Answer 50

AKA bivalent; a pair of paternal and maternal chromosomes

Question 51

what is crossing over?

Answer 51

process of exchanging portions of maternal and paternal chromosomes

Question 52

what is radiation?

Answer 52

targeted radiation waves to prevent cell division in cancer

Question 53

what is chemotherapy?

Answer 53

a cocktail of drugs targeting both cancer and healthy cells, killing them

Question 54

meiosis?

Answer 54

nuclear division of germ line cells creating 4 daughter cells through reduction division (2n->n)

Question 55

reduction division does what?

Answer 55

reduces 2n germ line cells to 1n gametes through separation of homologous pairs

Question 56

end of meiosis 1?

Answer 56

2 haploid daughter cells

Question 57

what is metastasis?

Answer 57

spread of cancer cells from a tumor

Question 58

what is apoptosis?

Answer 58

programmed cell death