Final Exam Flashcards
(108 cards)
what is energy?
the capacity of a physical system to do work
what is work?
the ability to bring about change in a system
what does the 2nd law of thermodynamics state?
the natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized; energy must be invested to counter this
what is the universal energy carrier and what are the others/ how do they store energy?
ATP; P-P bonds
NADH/FADH/NADPH; e- bonds
how is ATP generated with O2?
cellular respiration
how is ATP generated without O2?
fermentation by breaking down pyruvate
two kinds of Fermentation and who uses it?
lactic acid fermentation; human body
alcoholic fermentation; yeast
what does alcoholic fermentation produce?
ATP
Ethanol
CO2
what does lactic acid fermentation produce?
ATP
Lactic Acid
what do yeast use for alcoholic fermentation?
glucose or fructose
aerobic cellular respiration equation?
6O2+C6H12O2–> 6O2+6H2O+38 ATP
where does aerobic cellular respiration take place and what are the stages?
mitochondrion;
glycolysis,
Krebs cycle,
oxidative phosphorylation
where does Glycolysis occur and what does it breakdown and produce?
cytosol;
breaking glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules,
generates a small amount of ATP
where does the Krebs Cycle occur and what does it breakdown and produce?
mitochondrial matrix;
breaks down 2 pyruvate to make CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH
where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur and what does it breakdown and produce?
cristae;
energy from the e- in FADH and NADH is used to power a H+ pump that sets up a H+ gradient; when H+ flow down their gradient through ATPase, ATP is produced; O2 is consumed during this step and so it is considered aerobic
what are the main products of Photosynthesis and where does it occur?
glucose and O2;
chloroplast
Photosynthesis equation?
6CO2+6H2O+sunlight–> C6H12O6+6O2
what are the 2 stages of Photosynthesis?
light reactions,
Calvin cycle
where do the light reactions occur and what happens?
thylakoid membrane;
chlorophyll absorbs light energy, splitting H2O; this forms H+, O2 and electrons that get energized by the sunlight and go down the electron transport chain (ETC) to power H+ that set up a H+ gradient; NADPH and ATP are produced
where does the calvin cycle occur and what happens?
stroma;
uses the ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions to fix inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic carbon (C6H12O6—glucose) by producing G3P
what kind of asexual reproduction do bacteria use and what happens?
binary fission;
cell copies DNA and splits in half
what are the three phases of the cell cycle?
interphase,
mitosis,
cytokinesis
what happens in interphase?
the cell grows and the DNA is copied in S phase
what happens in mitosis?
nuclear division
