evolution of cell

Question 1

What is endosymbiosis, how does it relate to early cell

Answer 1

when something lives inside another thing symbiotically
organism eats another organism but its not fully digested
it can layer
leading theory for origin of euk

Question 2

How to pass endosymbiosis on to the next gen`

Answer 2

The host eats the endosymbiot. The endosym reproduces inside
Then the host divides and takes some of the endosym with it in each divide

Question 3

What is cell theory (4 things)

Answer 3

All things are made of cells
Cells are basic unit of struct for living things
Cell have hereditary info that is passed on
All cells come from preexisting cells - this one is not highlighted in the slids so maybe not as important?

Question 4

What is central dogma of biology

Answer 4

DNA-> RNA-> protein
1 Replication - existing DNA become new Dna
2 transcription - new DNA makes new RNA, transcribes
3 Translation - RAN makes new proteins

Question 5

what is Miller-Urey experiment

Answer 5

Wanted to see if in hadean conditions and inorganic things could become organic things
showed abiogenesis

Question 6

2 theories on how organic molecules arise

Answer 6

Top down - RNA and Ribosome came first
- We know that the simplest forms of life are RNA based, so lets start there
- all life now has ribosomes

Bottom up - chemical chimera
- Look at probability and stability and see if other things are more likely
- In a computational model if you have RNA, DNA building blocks you get a more stable and realistic premise
- Its a hybrid molec of RNA and DNA
supported by recent research

Question 7

Why use ribosome and RNA as beginning?

Answer 7

everything living now has ribosomes, found across all domains
Pure RNA can arrive abiogenetically
RNA can be genetic mat but also catalyst to make DNA, it’s a stepping stone

Question 8

primary endosymbiosis versus secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 8

primary - when something eats another thing that stays alive inside
secondary - when the thing that has a thing inside gets eaten by another thing, likely origin of euk

Question 9

Describe diagram of secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 9

protoeuk eats cyanobacterium, becomes plastid once it is integrated in, that is primary endosym
one of the vesicle wall surrounding the plastid is lost
first protoeuk is eaten by a bigger thing, that is secondary endosym
the first protoeuk becomes a plastid and has a vestigial nucleus
the inner ones lose genes

Question 10

viral contribution to the evolution of the eukaryotic cell?

Answer 10

Early cells may have started as something with virus-like genetic elements?
possible that it replicated like a retrovirus?