Evolution of Intelligence

Question 1

evolution of cognition theories

Answer 1

neuroecology

sociality

ecology

technical

language/hunting/fire

null hypothesis

Question 2

what is neuroecology

Answer 2

study of adaptive variation in cognition and brain size

how ecological presures impact difference sin species, sex cognition and brain

Question 3

sherry 2006 neurecology

Answer 3

selection and brian organization work together; which is why corivds and food storing behaviour have correlations in brain size

Question 4

critique of neuroecolog

Answer 4

brodin and bodhuis 2008: retested; found less correlations between brain size and food storing birds; maybe instead:

retrieving does not rely on memory

small sample sizes used and unclear variables (degree of size/storing)

or NE is just wrong!

Question 5

domain specific vs general intelligence?

Answer 5

bird storing behavior might be ‘task specific’ so not ‘a general intelligence’ mechanisms

Question 6

mery and kawecik 2003 fly experiment

Answer 6

regardless if learnign abillitiy is used or not- it impacts competitive abillity in FLIES

Question 7

hofmann 1993 encaphalization

Answer 7

species with large brain/boxy size live longer

species with higeh metabolism live shorter

so mammalian longetivity because encephalization and lowed metabolism

Question 8

extensive brain hypothesis

Answer 8

large brains= slow growth; slow reproduction and long life span in species

tested by aillo and wheeler + isler/van schaik 2009

Question 9

ailllo and wheller 1995 brain study

Answer 9

brain to relative gut mass highest in humans=

encephalization quotient (brain to body) increases across primate orrders

Question 10

isler and van schaik 2009 brain study

Answer 10

expensive brain; so brain size is limited to life history in SOME but not ALL mammals

large mammals= need to produce large offspring= longer childhoods

Question 11

costs of learge brains

Answer 11

energetic demand

reduce energy for locomoiton digestion and reproduction

Question 12

strategies to overcome costs of large brains

Answer 12

Polyktokous: reduce number of offspring per litter

Monotonous: reduce reproductive effort over longer time

both; reduce fertillity and live longer

Question 13

population and brain size correlations

Answer 13

risk of local extinction as population decreases as brain mass increases

Question 14

how is the population-brain size conundrum fixed

Answer 14

alloparenting (Caring and nursing) to compensante for energetic constraints= leads to social brain hypothesis

Question 15

social brain hypothesis

Answer 15

DUNBAR: priamtes have unsuaully large brains because of complex social systems

human inntelligence comes from solving social problems (relates to reciprocal altruis, deception and coalition)

neocortex size as proxy measure of intlligence!

Question 16

ecological hypothesis: diet and feeding

Answer 16

DECASIEN et al: primate diet predicts brain size (frugivory primates have larger brain size than folivoorus)

Question 17

critique of diet hypothesis

Answer 17

fruit eaters and neocortext size does not correlative

Question 18

extractive foraging and memory hypothesis (ecology) and critque

Answer 18

tool use and spatial mapping use a sign of intelligence; BUT no MAJOR difference in neocortex ratio and other primates use tools

Question 19

meercats as questioning social complexity and intelligence

Answer 19

small brain capcity but live in large complex groups

also beers/wasps/ with structres

Question 20

cultural hypothesis

Answer 20

culture and social learning

general intelligence correlates with large brain size; sustained social itneracted leads to longer live and suvivorship (gossiping, grooming, language)

adaptive knowledge–> social learning allows cultural skills and surviival strategies to develop;

from social interactions to learning straetgies

Question 21

sociale change theory

Answer 21

rleates to TOM; recoprocal alturiism; cheater detection

watson 4 card task selection (toby cosmides)

Question 22

watson 4 card selection task

Answer 22

demosntrates humans better at ‘social thinking’

Question 23

language fire and hunting theories

Answer 23

only inhumans

Question 24

social intelligence theories?

Answer 24

macchievelian intelligence; decieving and detecting decivers + tactical deception (exploiting others)

group living is a congitive challenge; hence social learnign and social intelligence must driv eintlliegence

Question 25

evidence for social intelligent theory

Answer 25

humans better at social knowledge (watson task) dunbar: neocortex size and brain size groooming size increases decpetion rate increases coalition rate increases

Question 26

monogamous mammals vs priamtes and brain size vs birds

Answer 26

monogamous carnivores have larger BS but more social praimtes have larger BS birds pair living ahve larger BS

Question 27

general intelligence idea?

Answer 27

brain size and general intelligence is primate-specific coevolution: impacted by ecology

Question 28

chimps and extractive foraging + spatial memory

Answer 28

chimsp remember food locations 'flowering' feedign experience small trees get checked less than big trees (long term spatial memory and mapping)

Question 29

transfer hypothseis

Answer 29

mental skills honed in social field ranslated to technolocical field (social tools= exploiting othres)

Question 30

technical intlligence

Answer 30

tool use and brain size (in birds correlate) innnovation adn tool use and brain VOLUME correlate in primates

Question 31

social and ecological hypothesis connection?

Answer 31

correlate depending on varying selection pressrues favouring different domains

Question 32

why did cognitive traits evolve?

Answer 32

co evolution vs general intelligence

Question 33

general vs cultural intlligence and hermann eta l 2007

Answer 33

humans are ''speciies specific' domain whereby socioecultural cogntivive skills drive intellignece general intelligence: - physical world chimps do equal socail world: humans do better 2. 5 years onwards

Question 34

how to measure brain size?

Answer 34

absolute size relative size encephalization quotient neocortex ratio intrinstic organization

Question 35

intrinstic organizaiton of brain

Answer 35

vertical cortical neurons veolocity cortical fibres cortical cell times (information processin)

Question 36

birds + intrinstic brain orgnization

Answer 36

small brains= can do smart stuff RAVENS; organization has dense and small nerve cells which are 'primate like'

Question 37

convergent evolution oin corvids and apes of intelligence?

Answer 37

both have: 1. tool making--> twigs for making things 2. mental time travel---> caching of perished products 3. social cognition---> stealer detection so tools evolved indepdnently in corvids and apes to solve socioecological issues hence large EQ than predicted and enlarnged prefrontal cortex

Question 38

what is needed for tactical deception

Answer 38

causal easoning imagination flexibllity rpopspection

Question 39

insight learning in ravens

Answer 39

pullilng string with some meat in it