theory of mind + intentionality

Question 1

what is theory of mind

Answer 1

capacity to understand others have own and sepaerate minds (beliefs, desires, knowledge etc)

‘socialfunction of intellect’; macchiavellian intelligence and deceptoiiin

Question 2

at what age in humans does TOM develop

Answer 2

3-5 years old

Question 3

what might be the coginitive origins of TOM?

Answer 3

cognitive capacity

building on from simple capacities

an emergent property of different emergent properies

Question 4

how is TOM measured

Answer 4

self recognition; mirror test Gallup

false belief test; puppet

gaze following

perspective taking

deception

Question 5

describe the mirror test

Answer 5

Gallup 1970; measures self awareness

mark ‘self’ with paint; see if abillity to recognize self in mirror if ‘wiped off’

Question 6

who passes the mirror test

Answer 6

all great apes

child 2+ years

elephants; debated (but possible depending on mirror size)

cleaner wrasse fish maybe

Question 7

what is related to TOM

Answer 7

tactical deception (woodruff and premark 1979)

macchiavellian intelligence Byrne Whiten 1988

Politics de waal

mind reading

intellect adn sociality

Question 8

how might TOm might an emergent propertyu

Answer 8

Barrett et al 2003:

combination of

1. causal reasoning
2. analogal reasonign
3. episodeic memory

which requires
1. control of behaviour

2, large brain capactiy

Question 9

describe the extended false belief test (undrstanding qualitive differences of others)

Answer 9

given to 3-7 year olds

‘false belief test’; where at age 3 children can understand that different minds of people

god is all knowing, dog less able

Question 10

how can primate mental state attribution be measured?

Answer 10

anecdotes

contiditional discrimination testing

trapping

triangulation (heyes 1993)

Question 11

what is triangulation

Answer 11

whereby animals differenfeitae bewteen one mental state and another

Question 12

how is triangulation tested

Answer 12

on chimps: guessor vs knower roles

guesseor leaves room and knower manipulates food container

chimps to ‘point’ out food pag

Question 13

chimps + TOM (tomasello and call 2008) experiments

Answer 13

chimps understand goals and intentions of others

experiments:

gaze following (chimps and infants)

gestural communication (position self to a gesture; awareness of body-language connection)

food competition (pick food competition that others dont see)

Question 13

chimps + TOM (tomasello and call 2008) experiments

Answer 13

chimps understand goals and intentions of others

experiments:

gaze following (chimps and infants)

gestural communication (position self to a gesture; awareness of body-language connection)

food competition (pick food competition that others dont see)

Question 14

behavioural abstraction hypothesis

Answer 14

constructing categories of behaviour and making predicitons

humans added extra abillity for intentionallity

Question 15

perspective taking

Answer 15

‘from who does ape beg?’; blindfolded individuals vs mouthfolded individual

abillity to understand body function and output

Question 16

povinelli argues

Answer 16

chimps dont have TOM because in persective takign case they dont differentiate between bliindfoloded/nonblind folded

but tomasello: tjey dont get task! rahter gaze following

Question 17

woodlice case study

Answer 17

shelltleworth 1994:

woodlice move to humid spots; is this because of a mind goal?

no (data); a form of emergent distribution

Question 18

rats: colwill and descorla 1985 study: what does it test?

Answer 18

INTENTION:
1. idea must be achieved via action (GOAL)
2. there must be motivation to do so

rats given response=based stimulus

1. press bar for sugar
2. pull chain for pellets

response for sugar stable but extinction occurs–> value for pellets decrease over time

Question 19

False Belief Test

Answer 19

Sally and Ann (Baron-Cohen et al 1985)

Sally—> clown

Ann—> Little girl

2 box task + a bear

asked ‘where does Sally hink the bear is?

children from 5 years + pass it

Question 20

how is the false belief task tested on chimps

Answer 20

call and tomasello 1999:

box, reward, communicator + hider + partiicpant

Question 21

do chimps pass the false belief task

Answer 21

at first glance (1999 call and tomasello); No.

second glance 2017 krupenlas: red dot analysis of ‘gaze’ shows chimps DO pass

Question 22

what are the cognitive explanations behidn gaze following

Answer 22

low level: response to movement

high level: understand others see something else

Question 23

social gaze following + experiment

Answer 23

Gossen et al 2008 long tailed macaques:

showed subjects look UP when demonstrators do; stronger when demonstrator has a social expression of fear/agggression

Question 24

target of attention gaze following + experiment

Answer 24

povienlli/tomasso: all greap apes follow gaze of humans around barriers overduin vreis et al: LT macaques recognize hierarhcy of others and dominance; open mouth + dominants followed (DOMINATNS FOLLOWED MORE)

Question 25

perspective taking + experiment

Answer 25

food competition in LT macaques: when monkeys know others can see food; gaze follow more 1. if one way barier; look at food 2. if two way barrier; dont look at food

Question 26

what cognitive abillities do apes have

Answer 26

self recognition false belief gaze following peserspective taking deception

Question 27

what cotnigive abillities do monkeys have

Answer 27

self recognition (diverse) false belief? gaze following yes perspective taking yes deception X

Question 28

what are the types of deception

Answer 28

1. strategic (0 order) 2. tactical ( 1 order) 3. intentional (2 and 3 order)

Question 29

strategic deception

Answer 29

adopt anatomy via evolution to others (coincidence, automatic, conditioning) i.e. physiology, like mimicry

Question 30

tactical deception

Answer 30

acts from normal reperotire in atypitcal context; creation of false beliefs (to benefit of actor; unerstand what others cant see/know) beahvioural; goal to decieve intensified by operant conditioning and experience

Question 31

goals of tactical deception

Answer 31

manipulate objects manipulate people (social tools) gain resources

Question 32

types of tactical deception

Answer 32

visual concealment acoustic concealment attention inhibition distraction creating false images manipulate taget with social tools

Question 33

exmaples visual concealment

Answer 33

sneaky matings; lt macaques safari in chimps

Question 34

examples acoustic concealement

Answer 34

vwithold alarm calls/give false ones (i.e. geladas dont vocalize during EPP/ chimps icnrease audio to exaggerate aggression)

Question 35

example attention inhibition

Answer 35

gorillas avoid looking at desired objects to prevent others from looign at it

Question 36

manipulate target w social tools?

Answer 36

a 'fall guy' i.e. trump and obama

Question 37

creating an image

Answer 37

injury; pretending in chmps

Question 38

honest signalling

Answer 38

zavahi 1975 high costs of deception, response of hard to fake signals (handicaps like peacock tail) but deception can still occur at low level (behavioural)

Question 39

deceptive signalling

Answer 39

transmission of misinformation of one animalt o the same/different species to propogte untrue beliefs - flexible use of multiple + novel signals and actions 1. deprive information 2, dishonest signals and coercion

Question 40

interspecies"anti-predator deception PREY examples

Answer 40

mimicry---> hawk moth like an owl/mimic octopus like lionfish crypsis---> insects pretending to be leaves vai camoflauge distraction---> plover display

Question 41

interspecies"anti-predator deception PREDATOR examples

Answer 41

mimicry: male jumping spiders mimic courtship signals of females of other sepcies imitation: male fireflies imiate femaleflaslights of prey on male of other species

Question 42

interspecific (conspecific) deception examples

Answer 42

food competition---> TUFTED CAPUCHISN use antipredator calls to decieve dominatns for food ravens lead conspecifics away from food

Question 43

non predator deception examples

Answer 43

cuckoldry: placing eggs into nest of another to rase them; the cuckoo cildrne taken on audio/visual markers of adopted nest parent-offspring communication; cuckoos vocalize extra for more food

Question 44

what is intentional deception?

Answer 44

making a target believe something false (creating false beliefs) understanding others mental states

Question 45

how do chimps use intentioanl deception

Answer 45

chimps decieve humans during reward task experiment by choosing food hidden from human view (hare et al 2006)

Question 46

critique of anecdote studies on deception?

Answer 46

not systematic underrepresented coincicential might be social learning and not TD2 (so rather TD1)