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Patho Fall 2019 > Ex2 L2 Endocrine > Flashcards

Ex2 L2 Endocrine Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Wireless system

A

No physical connection between glands that release hormones/target of hormones

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2
Q

Anything that releases a chemical messenger directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine gland

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3
Q

Chemical messenger released into the blood stream

A

Hormone

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4
Q

Central endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland

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5
Q

Peripheral endocrine gland

A

Any gland outside CNS

  1. Dedicated endocrine structures
  2. Mixed function endocrine structures
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6
Q

Dedicated endocrine glands

A

Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands

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7
Q

Mixed function endocrine structures

A

Kidney - EPO

Reproductive - produces gametes

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8
Q

Mixed function endocrine structures

A

Organs of the body that have a primary role but in addition release hormones (almost all organs)

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9
Q

Wide ranging effects on body

A

Hormones

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10
Q

What is the only difference between taking a drug vs hormone release?

A

Source (internal = hormone; external = drug)

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11
Q

3 responses that hormones create at target cell

A
  1. Hyper/depolarization d/t open/close of ion channel
  2. 2nd messenger system - turn on/off enzymes
  3. Activates specific genes —> increase/decrease expression of proteins
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12
Q

Example of opening/closing ion channel d/t hormone release

A

Cortisol release

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13
Q

Example of second messenger system turning on/off enzyme

A

Insulin —> fat cells store glucose as fat

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14
Q

Example of hormone activation on specific genes

A

Puberty - estrogen/testosterone

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15
Q

3 types of hormones

A
  1. Polypeptide/protein hormones
  2. AA derived hormones
  3. Steroid hormones
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16
Q

All Steroid hormones are derived from

A

Cholesterol

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17
Q

Lipophilic hormones

A

Steroids

Thyroid hormones

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18
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

All protein/polypeptide/AA hormones

*except thyroid hormones

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19
Q

Storage of which hormone is most difficult

A

Steroids

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20
Q

Hormones that move through blood stream easiest

A

Hydrophilic hormones

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21
Q

Reason ADH/vasopressin has two names

A

Cardiology - found V1 vasoconstriction effect (Vaso)

Nephrologist - found V2 increased H2O retention (ADH)

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22
Q

Chemical messenger that acts as hormone and Neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Active form of thyroid hormone

A

T3

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24
Q

How does Thyroid hormone work?

A

Controls expression of genes
Genes - protein consume energy (Na/K pump)
*reason tied to metabolism

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25
Cholesterol is derived from
Dietary or Liver | *none in diet - liver still produces
26
Who packages LDLs?
Liver
27
Cholesterol is packed into
LDLs
28
What is cholesterol converted into via enzymes prior to testosterone etc.?
Pregnanolone
29
Binding of hormone to receptor leads to
Second messengers and physiologic response
30
Second messengers
Rise in cAMP or Ca2+
31
Insulin and glycogen are examples of
Second messenger systems
32
Receptor bound to promoter region of DNA (inside nucleus)
Nuclear Receptor
33
Hormone binds to promoter region
Trigger translation/transcription/expression of gene
34
Thyroid hormone is example of
Interaction with target cell —> physiologic response | **control of gene expression
35
Difference between taking medication and hormone secretion
Negative feedback
36
How does the body determine whether to produce more hormones
Levels of “hormone 3” are measured in bloodstream by glands that produce it
37
True endocrine gland of pituitary gland
Anterior portion
38
Hormones released from posterior pituitary
Oxytocin, vasopressin
39
FSH/LH controlled by
GnRh (realeased by hypothalamus)
40
ACTH controlled by
Hypothalamus release of CRH
41
TSH controlled by
TRH from hypothalamus (thyroid releasing hormone)
42
FSH/LH are present in
Men and women
43
Prolactin is controlled by
PRH + dopamine (dominant, inhibitory) via hypothalamus
44
GH is controlled by
GRH + someatostatin (inhibitory) from hypothalamus
45
Prolactin produces
Breastmilk | *reinforcement will extend how long to release it
46
Majority of growth hormone occurs
Stage II non-REM sleep
47
What process occurs during sleep?
1. GHRH/somatostatin from hypothalamus controls GH | 2. GH acts on liver to produce IGF1/2
48
Direct effects of GH
Stimulates growth of cells/cell division
49
Indirect effects of GH
Acts on liver to produce IGF1/2 (opposite effects on BG - brings down BG)
50
Inside thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland (R,L)
51
Parathyroid glands regulate
Calcium
52
Where is thyroid hormone stored
Colloid (inside follicular cell)
53
Releases calcitonin
C cells
54
What controls thyroid levels
Negative feedback of T3/T4; otherwise continuous system of maintenance
55
Person who is always cold
Hypothyroidism
56
Person who is always hot
Hyperthyroidism
57
Catecholamines are produced in
Adrenal medulla
58
Steroid hormones are produced in
Adrenal cortex
59
Reproductive hormones are produced in
Adrenal cortex
60
Adrenal medulla is part of
Endocrine branch of SNS
61
Only layer that can produce aldosterone
Glomerulosa
62
Cortisol levels are lowest
Evening hours
63
Cortisol levels are highest
Just before waking | *reason MIs are most common in AM
64
Cortisol causes
Vasoconstriction
65
Effects of cortisol
``` Glucose release (increased BG), muscle breakdown (amino acid release), micro breakdown of bone (calcium released), immunosuppressant (anti-inflammatory), enhances neuro-excitability *prioritizes energy expenditure ```
66
Adrenal cortex produces
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Mitral corticoids - (Aldosterone) Sex hormones
67
Pathway that results in cortisol
CRH —> anterior pituitary —> ACTH —> bloodstream —> glucocorticoids

Patho Fall 2019 (13 decks)

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