Ex2L2 NS

Question 1

Patellar reflex is controlled by

Answer 1

Spine - L2-L4

Question 2

Spinal reflex

Answer 2

Brain does not control at all

Input/output solely via spinal cord

Question 3

Sensory input of patellar reflex

Answer 3

Rapid muscle stretch (quad) - detected via stretch receptors (muscle spindle nerve fiber)

Question 4

Motor output of patellar reflex

Answer 4

Contraction of quadricep muscle (reflex)

Relaxation of hamstring

Question 5

Pt with T6 injury - how would patellar reflex work?

Answer 5

Reflex still intact - if eyes closed, may not know it happened

Question 6

Electrical signals between cells

Answer 6

Fast communication

Most often found in cardiac cells

Question 7

Communication via neuronal cells is done via

Answer 7

Chemical signals

Question 8

What determines if a neurotransmitter causes an excitatory or inhibitory action?

Answer 8

The kind of ion channel that opens on second cell

Question 9

Sodium channel opens - creates a ____ effect

Answer 9

Excitatory

Question 10

Depolarization on second cell results in ____ effect

Answer 10

Excitatory

Question 11

Potassium channel opens - creates a ____ effect

Answer 11

Inhibitory

Question 12

Hyperpolarization on second cell results in ____ effect

Answer 12

Inhibitory

Question 13

Most common type of neurotransmitters in brain

Answer 13

Amino acids

Question 14

2 most common amino acids in brain

Answer 14

Glycine, glutamate

Question 15

Catecholamines

Answer 15

Type of monoamine

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

Question 16

Co-released with neurotransmitters

Answer 16

Neuropeptides

Question 17

neuropeptides carry out

Answer 17

Neuromodification

Question 18

Modify response by second cell, “upregulate”

Answer 18

Neuromodification

Question 19

Neuromodification is thought to be

Answer 19

LTP - one theory of learning in the brain

Question 20

Synapse consists of

Answer 20

presynaptic cell
post synaptic cell
synaptic cleft (space in between the 2 cells)

Question 21

Vesicles of NT are manufactured where

Answer 21

Cell body

Question 22

Signal to release NT

Answer 22

AP reaching axon terminal

Question 23

After AP reaches terminal, what occurs

Answer 23

Axon terminal depolarizes

Question 24

After axon terminal depolarizes, what occurs?

Answer 24

Opening of voltage gated ca2+ channels, Ca2+ flows in

Question 25

What creates exocytosis

Answer 25

Calcium

Question 26

Exocytosis

Answer 26

Vesicles filled with neurotransmitters merge with cell plasma membrane, contents dump out

Question 27

After exocytosis occurs, what happens next?

Answer 27

Acetylcholine floods synaptic cleft, diffuses across, binds to Ach receptor on post-synaptic cell

Question 28

Binding of Ach to post-synaptic cell results in

Answer 28

Ion channels opening, sodium enters post synaptic cell, AP & muscle contraction occur

Question 29

Most common amino acids NTs

Answer 29

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine

Question 30

Inhibitory NT

Answer 30

GABA, Glycine

Question 31

Excitatory NT

Answer 31

Glutamate

Question 32

Monoamines

Answer 32

ACh Serotonin Histamine Catecholamines

Question 33

Portion of cleft where NTs release/bind to receptors

Answer 33

Active zones | -causes darkening on microscopic image

Question 34

Neuropeptides

Answer 34

``` Enkephalin Substance P Endorphin Somatostatin ADH Vasopressin ```

Question 35

Reason for decreased levels of protein in CSF v plasma

Answer 35

Amino acids (NTs) in CSF would wreak havoc

Question 36

Where else are neuropeptides found?

Answer 36

Enteric nervous system (GI fxn) | Hormones

Question 37

Neuropeptide vs hormone

Answer 37

SAME molecule - DIFFERENT location Neuropeptide in brain is NOT a hormone (if released in neuronal cell) Hormone - any chemical messenger released into bloodstream & acts systemically by binding to receptors

Question 38

Cells that need to work together

Answer 38

Electrically coupled

Question 39

Ion channels that bride the gap between two neighboring cells

Answer 39

Gap junctions

Question 40

Example of gap junctioned to act as a single unit

Answer 40

Photoreceptors