Neuro Exam 1 Flashcards by Rachel Unknown

Characteristics of Nervous System

“wired”, short distances, rapid speed of response, brief duration of action, influences other major control systems

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Sensory input travels via which pathway?

Afferent

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Pathway: output from CNS to periphery

Efferent

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Command/Action from brain/spinal cord

Efferent

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Skeletal muscle is through which division of the nervous system?

Efferent then Somatic

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Autonomic NS is through which division?

Efferent

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Processing highway of neuronal structures

Interneurons

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Afferent division of NS is comprised of what?

Sensory stimuli and visceral stimuli

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What is visceral stimuli?

autonomic afferent input - connected to autonomic NS via reactionary loops

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unit of flow in NS

electrical

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where do cells receive information?

dendrites

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Where is action potential started?

axon hillock

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where does action potential end?

axon terminal

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what will action potential result in?

stimulatory or inhibitory response onto next cell depending on input

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Function of myelin sheath?

Speed up conduction (time it takes) for action potential to move down axon, prevents signal loss, ensures action potential reaches axon

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Location of myelin sheath

Axon

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What would happen without myelin sheath?

Conduction would be slow or signal loss

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Multiple sclerosis

Autoimmune destruction of myelin proteins (demyelinating condition)

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Myelination in PNS is provided by?

Schwann cell

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Myelination in CNS is provided by?

Oligodendrocyte

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Patellar reflex is an example of what?

Interneurons splitting to create multiple motor neuron responses (quad and hamstring)

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Difference between afferent & efferent neurons

cell body location. Sensory - closer to axon terminals in afferent neurons. Motor - cell body in CNS; axon terminal in in PNS

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“job” of interneurons

process sensory signal to set point & create motor response

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location of interneurons

spinal cord and brain

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Membrane Potential units

millivolts

Membrane Potential definition

The charge inside the cell compared to the charge outside the cell

membrane potential is determined by

1. Ions present inside vs outside the cell 2. Relative proportions of those ions 3. How permeable the membrane is to the ions

Relevant ions to membrane potential

Sodium, Potassium

Inside of cell is?

-70mV at resting cell

Cause of negative charge inside resting cell?

1. Segregation of negatively charged amino acids & proteins inside cell 2. Plasma Membrane that is impermeable to positive charges that want to enter

Two types of cells where membrane potential undergoes significant changes

Excitable cells Fluctuations: Action Potentials Found in: neuronal cells & muscle cells

Potassium will move towards concentration gradient or charge gradient?

Concentration gradient

Which two gradients cause movement between inside & outside cell?

Concentration and electrical

K+ concentration gradient is?

Pointing outside of cell, -90mV

Na+ concentration gradient is?

Pointing into cell

Na+ electrical gradient is?

Pointing into cell

Na Equilibrium Potential?

+60mV; meaning this would be the charge required inside cell to make Na happy and balance it out

K Equilibrium Potential?

-90mV

Resting potential

-70mV

When membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive)

depolarization

action potential characteristic

all or nothing; threshold potential

threshold potential

-50mV

Action Potential allows for what in neuronal cells?

Coding of information and communication between cells

Action Potential allows for what in muscle cells?

Muscle contraction

Located in Frontal Lobe, sits next to parietal lobe, line in between

Central Sulcus

Anterior to Central Sulcus

Primary Motor Cortex

Posterior to Central Sulcus

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

All conscious sensation is perceived here

Primary somatosensory cortex

All voluntary motor movements originate here

Primary motor cortex

3 main areas of brain responsible for motor movement

primary motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Time at which brain plasticity is highest

childhood

Area responsible for comprehension of language (not hearing, but understanding)

Wernicke's Area

Located in Temporal Lobe - Combines auditory input and other senses (touch, sight, smell) and feeds into Wernicke's area

Anglular Gyrus

Where we generate language - controls production of speech by communication through motor cortex

Broca's Area

Inability to speak

Aphasia

Receptive Aphasia

Wernicke's - cannot comprehend language; Language is nonsense

Expressive Aphasia

Injury to Brocas Area - know what you want to say but cannot say it. Can't even write it

Brodmann's Areas

Specific reference point in brain mapped out

Non-neuronal supportive cells

Glial Cells

3 types of Non-neuronal supportive cells

Glial cells 1. Astrocytes - part of BBB, physical. Surrounds capillaries in brain. Help regulate composition of brain ECF 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Ependymal Cells - epithelial cell that forms walls of ventricles

2 types of fluid in brain

CSF, brain extracellular fluid

Difference between 2 fluids in brain

Produced in different way and located in different area. Otherwise composition is same

ECF is produced how?

Plasma moving through BBB

Fluid moving around larger structures (ventricular system) in brain

CSF

CSF is produced where?

Choroid Plexus

ECF is located where?

Microcirculation - BBB is filtering plasma to create brain ECF

CSF is located where?

Choroid Plexus filtering blood & creating CSF in ventricles

Why is there reduced Na, K in CSF?

To reduce excitability and therefore lower the risk of a seizure

CSF leaves ventricles where?

Right lateral or medial aperture

Apertures connect what?

Cerebral Ventricles and subarachnoid space

CSF leaves brain from where?

Subarachnoid space to central sagittal sinus then to circulation

How many layers in BBB?

What is a tight junction?

Located on endothelial cell - 2 ends are connected via adhesion proteins (as opposed to normal endothelial cell with gap)

What can passively diffuse across BBB?

lipid soluble

Median Eminence

Circumventricular Organ - "leaky" region of BBB

Reason that some areas of brain allow leaky BBB

infection may cause fever due to median eminence detecting infection; do not want whole brain to be exposed to infection

Na+ equilibrium potential

+60 mV

Area of brain that regulates Baseline function

Brain stem

Area of brain responsible for motor movement

Cerebellum

Appetite, temperature, emotional reactions

Hypothalamus which includes limbic system

Neuro Exam 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)