Miscellaneous

Question 1

Free radicals

Answer 1

Any element with unpaid electron in outer cell

Question 2

Free radical in biological form

Answer 2

Reactive oxygen species

Question 3

Lipid peroxidation

Answer 3

Damage plasma membrane, cause lysis

Question 4

Disruption of polypeptide chains

Answer 4

Alter function of proteins, enzymes

Question 5

DNA damage

Answer 5

Mutations

Question 6

If cell swelling is not reversed, what will happen?

Answer 6

Organelle swelling, ultimately cell death

Question 7

Reactive oxygen species are what?

Answer 7

O2 in different form, anything unpaired as it will destruct bonds to steal electrons where they can to complete their own outer shell. Bonds broken - injury caused

Question 8

Reactive oxygen species occurs in anything with?

Answer 8

Aerobic metabolism

Question 9

What neutralizes reactive oxygen species?

Answer 9

Antioxidants

Question 10

Peroxidation of membrane lipids effects

Answer 10

Increased membrane rigidity, decreased activity of membrane bound enzymes (sodium pumps), altered activity of membrane receptors, altered permeability

Question 11

Formation of free radicals can be decreased by doing what?

Answer 11

Decrease caloric intake, decrease cell metabolism, decrease reactive o2 species, decrease cell aging

Question 12

What increases reactive oxygen species production?

Answer 12

UV light exposure, ionizing radiation, smoking anything in any form, air pollution, inflammation in body

Question 13

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 13

Nervous tissue from external cell injury

Question 14

External cell death

Answer 14

Coagulative necrosis

Question 15

Necrosis that occurs in lymph nodes

Answer 15

Caseous necrosis

Question 16

Necrosis that occurs in lymph nodes of lungs in patients with TB

Answer 16

Caseous Necrosis

Question 17

Necrosis in Pancreas

Answer 17

Fat necrosis

Question 18

Necrosis in breast and adipose tissue

Answer 18

Fat necrosis

Question 19

Necrotic cell death appears to be ____

Answer 19

Exploding

Question 20

Apoptosis the cell appears to be ______

Answer 20

Collapsing or imploding

Question 21

Lipid accumulation most commonly occurs

Answer 21

Liver

Question 22

Lipid accumulation in liver

Answer 22

Increased triglyceride levels leads to fatty liver

Question 23

Change in functional demand may cause

Answer 23

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy

Question 24

Which is not an adaptive method? Metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, atrophy

Answer 24

Dysplasia

Question 25

What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion?

Answer 25

Hemoconcentration occurs d/t loss of salt and water

Question 26

Consequence of plasma membrane damage to mitochondria

Answer 26

Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production

Question 27

Consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury

Answer 27

Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles including nucleus and nucleolus which halts synthesis of DNA and RNA

Question 28

Lead causes damage in cell by interfering with?

Answer 28

Calcium

Question 29

Difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma

Answer 29

Subdural hematoma results from shaken baby syndrome, epidural hematoma rapidly forms from skull fracture

Question 30

What mechanism occurs in liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation

Answer 30

Increase synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins

Question 31

Hemoprotein accumulations are result of excessive storage of?

Answer 31

Iron - which is transferred from cells to bloodstream

Question 32

Hemosiderosis is a condition that results in excess of what being stored as hemosiderin in cells

Answer 32

Iron

Question 33

What is the cause of free calcium in cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation?

Answer 33

Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from cell

Question 34

Necrosis that is associated with wet gangrene?

Answer 34

Liquefactive - when neutrophils invade the site

Question 35

Non dividing cells can only occur in ? - GI lining - hyperplasia - hypertrophy

Answer 35

Hypertrophy

Question 36

Dysplasia refers to a - abnormal increase in the number of a specific cell type - adaptive process at cell level - modification in the shape of a specific cell type

Answer 36

Modification in shape of a specific cell type

Question 37

What organs are effected by the type of necrosis that results from either severe ischemia or chemical injury?

Answer 37

Kidneys, heart

Question 38

Other than osmosis, what force is involved in movement of water between plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

Answer 38

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 39

________ pressure encourages water to cross the barrier of capillaries to enter the circulatory system

Answer 39

Oncotic

Question 40

Which nerves are capable of regeneration?

Answer 40

Myelinated nerves in the PNS

Question 41

Causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 41

Repeated blood admin, pancreatitis (release of lipases into soft tissue space, free fatty acids formed bind to Ca, causing decrease in ionized calcium)

Question 42

Groups at risk for fluid imbalance

Answer 42

Infants, obese, elderly

Question 43

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can result from?

Answer 43

Venous obstruction or Na/h20 retention

Question 44

Two thirds of body’s water is found in

Answer 44

Intracellular

Question 45

What pH will initiate the formation of NH4 from NH3?

Answer 45

Acidosis 7.25

Question 46

Physiologic pH 7.4 means bicarbonate and carbonic acid exist in a ratio of

Answer 46

20:1

Question 47

Most common cause of hypermagnesemia

Answer 47

Renal failure

Question 48

Excessive use of magnesium containing antacids and aluminum containing antacids can result in

Answer 48

Hypophosphatemia - most common cause is intestinal malabsorption and renal excretion of phosphate

Question 49

Chvostek and trousseau signs indicate what electrolyte imbalance

Answer 49

Hypocalcemia

Question 50

What changes occur to cells resting membrane potential during hyperkalemia

Answer 50

Hypopolarization (more positive on inside of cell)

Question 51

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 51

Renal failure, trauma, insulin deficiency, metabolic acidosis, Addison’s disease

Question 52

Major determinant of resting membrane potential depends on ratio of what?

Answer 52

Intra and extracellular K+

Question 53

Pathophysiologic process of edema is related to?

Answer 53

Lymphatic obstruction OR increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, dec plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, sodium retention

Question 54

Vomiting induced metabolic acidosis causes?

Answer 54

Retention of bicarbonate to maintain anion balance

Question 55

What causes confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage and coma in hypernatremia?

Answer 55

High sodium in blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into brain vessels, causing brain cells to shrink

Question 56

``` What can cause hypernatremia? SIADH Hypersecretion of aldosterone Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea Excessive diuretic therapy ```

Answer 56

Hypersecretion of aldosterone

Question 57

Thirst activates osmoreecptors by an increase in which blood plasma?

Answer 57

Osmotic pressure

Question 58

Secretion of ADH and perception of thirst are stimulated by

Answer 58

Increase in plasma osmolality

Question 59

Reflex activities such as heart rate, sneezing, swelling are controlled by which area of brain

Answer 59

Medulla oblongata

Question 60

Which meninge closely adheres to surface of brain/spinal cord and follows Sulci and fissures

Answer 60

Pia mater

Question 61

Membrane that separates brains cerebellum from cerebrum

Answer 61

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 62

Upper motor neurons

Answer 62

Modify spinal reflex arcs

Question 63

Eyes tracking

Answer 63

Superior colliculi

Question 64

Brain receives _____% cardiac output

Answer 64

20

Question 65

Collateral blood flow to brain

Answer 65

Circle of Willis

Question 66

BBB is dependent on

Answer 66

Astrocytes