Exam 1 Lecture 2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What happens when ECF/ICF levels of K are too high or too low?
Medical emergency - can cause arrhythmias
Causes of ICF/ECF K shifts
pH, insulin, catecholamines, trauma
Acidosis - K will move where?
Out of cell
Alkalosis - K will move where?
Into cell
Increased insulin will cause K to move where?
Into cell
Pt with hyperkalemia is given insulin. What would happen?
K goes into cells, pt could potentially become hypoglycemic
Primary regulators of acid-base balance
Lungs and kidneys
Major buffer systems
Bicarbonate/carbonic acid, hemoglobin, proteins, phosphate
What is required for bicarb buffer system to work?
enzyme: carbonic anhydrase
greatest production of cell metabolism is?
- Heat (75%)
2. ATP
Ionized molecules can ____ pass the membrane
easily
____ soluble molecules can easily pass the cellular membrane
lipid
Injury to cells due to reperfusion is because of?
inflammation
2 most common forms of cell injury
hypoxia and reactive oxygen species
Proportional decrease in cell size and content
atrophy
cell number stays the same, size increases
hypertrophy
cell size stays the same, cell number increases
hyperplasia
types of cellular change as a result of decrease or increase in functional demand
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia
what type of cellular change occurs in DMII in the pancreas?
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy - eventually pancreas runs out of insulin
alterations in cell differentiation
metaplasia, dysplasia
cell is replaced by immature cell as a result of chronic injury
metaplasia - usually seen in endothelial cells
precancerous change in cell
dysplasia
inappropriate hypertrophy
left ventricular hypertrophy d/t HTN or aortic stenosis, or increased hormonal stimulation
Difference between metaplasia and dysplasia
metaplasia is adaptive, if remove injury the normal cells will return
