During the golden age of microbiology, what where scientists looking for
What causes Fermentation
what causes disease
How can we prevent disease and infection
Who was responsible for finding out that we should wash our hands
Ignaz Semmelweis
Who was responsible for creating antiseptic techniques
Joseph Lister
Who was the first to show infection control/ediology
John snow
Who was the one that created a smallpox vaccination and created the feild of immunology
Edward Jenner
What are the processes of life
Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism
What are the features of prokaryotes
No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Circular DNA
What are the features of Eukaryotes
Have nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Linear DNA
What are Glycocalyces
Gelatinouns sticky substance that surrounds cells
What are the two types of Glycocalyces
Capsule
Slime layer
What does the capsule glycocalyx allow bacteria to do
Evade host immune system
What does a slime layer glycocalyx allow bacteria to do
Attatch to surfaces
What do bacterial cell wall allow them to do
Withstand osmotic forces
What are bacterial cell walls composed of
Peptidoglycan
What type of bacterial cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram +
What type of bacterial cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Gram -
What colours do gram + and gram - bacteria turn in a gram stain
Gram + Purple
Gram - pink/red/magenta
How can m/c pass through a bacterial membrane passivly
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
How can m/c pass through a bacterial membrane activly
Active transport
Group translocation
What happens when a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution
The cell loses water and shinks
What happens when a cell without a cell wall is placed into a hypotonic solution
The cell takes on water and can burst
What happens when a cell with a cell wall is placed in a hypotonic solution
Water moves into the cell, but it wont burst
What are inclusion
Reserve deposits of chemicals in the cytoplasm of bacteria
What are endospores
Defensive capsule bacteria can make, so that they “hibernate” until the conditions are favorable again
How big a prokaryote ribosomes
70s
How big are eukaryote ribosomes
They have a 60s subunit and a 40s subunit
What is resolution when talking about microspoy
shortest distance between two specime that can still be distinguished by an observer
What is the point of staining for microsopy
To increase the contrast
What are the two stains used in a Gram stain
Crystal Violet (purple) Safarnin (pink)
What are the two stains used in Acid-Fast stain
Methylene blue (blue) Carbol fuchsin (red)
What are the two stains used in an endospore stain
Malachite green (green) Safranin (pink)
What is the purpose of an Acid-fast stain
to look for mycobacteria
Why do we need to use acid to stain mycobacteria
Because they have a waxy mycolic cell wall that need acid to stain
What is the colour of a positive acid-fast stain
Red = mycobacteria
What is the colour of a positive Endospore stain
Green = endospore
What do most gram + bacteria names end in
Us
ium
What are the special Gram + bacteria that dont end in Us/ium
Listeria
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Streptomyces
What do most gram - bacteria names end in
a
er
What are the special gram - bacteria that dont end in a/er
Pseudomonas Proteus Vibrio Haemophilus Bacterioides
What do the names of acid-fast bacteria have in common
Mycobacter
What bacteria gives a fried egg look
Mycoplasma
who created binomial nomenclature (genus species)
Linnaeus
Who proposed that there are 3 domains (bacteria, archaea, eukarya)
Carl Woese
What is a series of paired statments where only one of two choices applies to any particular organism, Used in determination of species
Dichotomous key
What is an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell
Colony
What is a collection of microbes in a complex community
Biofilm
What type of bacteria like light for energy and CO2 for carbon
Photoautotrophs
What type of bacteria like light for energy and organic compounds for carbon
Photoheterotrophs
What type of bacteria like chemical compounds for energy and CO2 for carbon
Chemoautotrophs
What type of bacteria like CHemical compounds for energy and organic compounds for carbon
Chemohetrerotrophs
What type of bacteria like cold temperatures
Psychrophilic bacteria
What type of bacteria like moderate temperatures
Mesophilic
What type of bacteria like high temperature
Thermophilic
What type of bacteria like extreme high temp
Hyperthermophilic
What type of bacteria like high (basic) pH
Basophilies
What type of bacteria like Low (acidic) pH
Acidophilies
What are the major growth requirements for microbes
Oxygen Temp pH moisture Osmotic pressure Light Food
What is a defined media
A media where all the components are known
What is a complex media
A media where the components are unknown
What is a selective media
Contain substances that favour or inhibit growth of particular organisms
What is a differential media
Visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies
What is an example of a selective media
Sabouraud dextrose arar
What is an example of differential media
Blood agar
What is an example of a Selective and differential media
MacConkey agar
What are plasmids
Extra chromosomal DNA that is found in microbes
What is the name of a fertility plasmid
F plamids
What is the name of a resistance plasmid
R plasmid
What is the name of a plasmid that allows for a bacteria to kill other bacteria
Bacteriocin plasmid
What is the name of a plasmid that allows for a bacteria to become “bad” in the human body
Virulence plasmid
What is vertical gene transfer
Organism replicates their DNA and passes it on to offspring
What is horizontal gene transfer
Transfer of DNA to another organism, or acquirement or DNA from environment
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
What type of horizontal gene transfer has the microbe take up DNA from the environemnt
Transformation
What type of gene transfer requires the cells to be considered Competent
Transformation
What is called when i virus transfers DNA from one microbe to another
Transduction
What type of DNA transfer requires a bacteria to have an F plasmid (F+) and the other to not have an F plasmid (F-)
Conjugation
What is the shape of a coccus
Sphere
What is the shape of a Bacilus
Rod
What is the shape of a Vibrio
Bat
What is the shape of a Spirochete
Spiral
What is the shape of a pleomorphic
Random
What are the three methods of Asexual reproduction
Binary fission
Snapping division
Budding
What is the result of binary fission
1 mother = 2 daughters
What is the result of snapping division
1 mother attached to a daughter (forms a hinge)
What is the result of budding
1 mother + 1 daughter
What are the different arragments of Cocci
Diplococci Streptococci Tetrads sarcinae Staphylococci
What are the different bacilli arrangments
Single bacilus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Palasade (v-shaped_
What type of bacilli arrangement is caused by snapping division
Palisade
How do algae and fungi reproduse
Sexually and asexually
What are the characteristics of protozoa
Lack cell wall
Require moist environements
Few are pathogens
mainly reproduce asexually
DO all protozoa produce trophozoites
yes
Do all protozoa produce cysts
only some
What are contractile vacuoles
organelle that pumps water from the cells, protecting them from osmotic lysis
What is the significance of fungi in terms of health
Produce antibiotics
30% cause disease (mycoses)
Spoil food
What is the thallus of a fungi
Nonreproductive body
What are hyphae
long tubular filaments of fungi
what is mycelium
Tangled mass of hyphae
What are fungi that produce two types of thalli called
Dimorphic
What is the mushroom
The fruiting body of a fungi
in Fungi, What is a series of buds that remain attached to the parent call called
Pseudohypha
What are characteistics of viruses
Acellular
Have DNA or RNA surrounded by a capsid
have intracellular and extracellular state
What is the Extracellular state of virus Called
Viron
What is a virus envelope
A phospholipid layer around the capsid
What is the intracellular state of a virus
Just DNA or RNA
What are the different capsid shapes
Polyhedral
Complex
Helical
What is the most common viral shape
Polyhedra (decahedron (20 sides))
What does a viral envelope provide
Protection from the host recognition system
What are the glycoproteins on the viral envelope called
Spikes
How are viruses classed
Type of nucleic acid
Presence of envelope
What is lytic replication
Replication cycle of a virus that causes lysis of the host cell
What is lysogeny
Modified lytic cycle where the host cell is able to live+replicate until a signal stimulates viral replication
What is lysogenic conversion
Where phages carry genes that alter phenotype of bacterium
How do animal viruses attach
Chemical attraction
Glycoprotein spikes
What are the three types of entry of animal virsues
Direct penetration
Endocytosis
Membrane fusion
What is it called when an animal virus remains dormant in host cells
Latent viruses
Proviruses
How are viruses cultivated in the lab
In mature organisms (bacteria culture)
In embryonated chicken egg
In tissue culture
What is a prion
Proteinaceous infectious agents (lack nucleic acid)
How are prions destroyed
Incineration
Autoclaving in sodium hydroxide
Where do prions normally cause damage
Nervous system
What is a tissue characteristic of a prion diseased state
Spongy appearance due to formation of large vacuoles
What are the roles of microorganisms in food production
Fermentation
Starter cultures
Spoilage
What do bacteria that produce cheese do
They produce acid that curdles the milk
What are the two categories fo foodborne illnesses
Food infection
Food intoxificatoin
What is a food infection
Consumption of a microorganism
What is food intoxification
Consumption of microbial toxins
where do the majority of foodborn illnesses come from
Food service industry
What type of water is safe to drink
Potable water
What indicates fecal contamination of water
presence of Coliforms
What are the steps in water treatment
Coagulation + Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
What is Bio-remediation
Use of biological organisms to solve an environmental problem
What is Bioterrorism
Use of microbes to terrorize human population
What is Agroterrorism
Use of microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying food supplies
What is the criteria for assessing biological threats
Impact
delivery potential
Public perception
Public preparadness
What is the role of Recombinate genetic technology in bioterrorism
Could be used to Make biological weponds or to thwart bioterrorism
What is the normal microbiota of a person for their life
Resident microbiota
What are transient microbiota
bacteria that remain in the body for a few hours/months before disappearing
What are normal flora
Organisms that colonize the body surfaces normally without causing disease
What are sites that are free of microbes
Axenic
When are most persons resident microbes established
During first months of life
What are opportunistic pathgens
Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances
What are reservoirs of infection
Sites where pathogens live until they can infect a new host
What are the three types of resevoids
Animal
Human
Nonliving
What is a disease that is spread from animal to humans
Zoonoses
What are usually dead-end hosts
Humans
What are individuals who are infected but are asymptomatic
Carriers
Those who develop and illness from a microbe can be called
Cases
What is Isolation
Separate ill person from the community
What is Quarantine
Restrict movement of well people who may have been exposed
What is contamination
Presence of microbes in body
What is infection
When a microbe evades the bodys immune system
What are the three major portals of entry
Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta
What is parenteral route of entry
Puncture of the skin
What is the most common site of microbial entry into a human
Respiratory tract
What is antigenicity
The ability of the substance to stimulate the production of antibodies
What is pathogenicity
Ability of a microbe to cause disease
What is virulence
Degree a pathogenicity
Are symptoms subjective or objective
Subjective
are signs subjective or objective
Objective
What is a syndrome
Group of symptoms and signs
What factors contribute to virulence
Adhesion factors Biofilms Extracellular enzymes Toxins Antiphagocytic factors
What is a common adheision factor
Biofilms
What do extracellular enzymes do
Allow breakdown of collagen so the microbe can penetrate deeper
What are the stages of disease
Incubation Prodromal period Illness Decline Covalescence
What is the stage of disease where tissues return to normal
Covalescence
What are the different modes of Transmission
Contact Vehicle Vector Airborne Perinatal
What are the two classes of vectors
Arachnids
Insects
What vectors only carry pathogen
Mechanical vectors
What vectors serve as hosts
Biological vectors
What is the most important arachnid vector
Ticks
What are the most important insect vector
Mosquitoes
What is the most important of all vectors
Mosquitoes
What is incidence in terms of epidemiology
Number of new cases
What is prevalence in terms of epidemiology
Total cases
What is a pandemic
An epidemic on more than one continent
What is an epidemic
a disease occurs at a greater frequence than normal
What is the index case
The first case of the disease
What type of disease are a result from medical procedures
Latrogenic
What is a noscomial infection
Infection acquired in health-care settings
What is the most effective way to control noscomial infections
Hand washing
What are the basic principals for microbial control
Sterilization
Aseptic procedures
Disinfection
What is antisepsis
Use of chemical on skin or other tissue to remove microbe
What is degerming
Removal of microbes by scrubbing
What is sanitization
Disinfection of a public place
What is pasteurization
use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce spoilage of food
What suffixes indicate a chemical agent is used to inhibit growth
stasis
static
What suffix is used to indicate destroy of permanently inactivate a microbe
cide
cidal
What measures the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent
Death rate
What are the two actions of an antimicrobial agent
Alteration of cell wall and membranes
Damage to nucleic acid
What factos affect efficacy of antimicrobial methods
Site
Susceptibility
What are moist heat related methods to kill bacteria
Boiling
Autoclaving
Pasturization
Ultrahigh temp sterilization
liquids that have been treated with ultrahigh-temp sterilization can be stored where
at room temperature
Can endospores, prions and viruses survive boiling
Yes
What type of heat-related microbial killing methods uses hot air and incineration
Dry heat
What are physical methods of microbial control
Refrigeration Freezing Dessication Lyophilization Filtration Osmotic pressure Ionizing/nonionizing radiation
What is dessication
Drying of food to inhibit growth
What is lyophilization
Freeze drying
What type of physical method of microbial control uses high concentrations of salt or sugar
Osmotic pressure
What have a greater ability to survive osmotic pressure changes
Fungi
What are two types of ionizing radiation treatments for food
Electron beams
Gama rays
What is a form of nonionizing radiation
UV light
What are examples of phenol and phenolics for disinfection
Lysol
Pine-sol
What are examples of Alcohols for disinfection
Rubbing alcohols
What are examples of halogens for disinfection
Bleach
Chlorine
Iodophores (used in surgery)
What are examples of oxidizing agents used in disinfection
Hydrogen peroxide
Ozone
What is an issue with hydrogen peroxide for disinfection
It is cytotoxic, kills healthy cells and granulating tissues
What should someone use to clean wounds
Saline
Commercial wound cleansers
What are examples of surfactants
Soaps
Detergents
What is idea in disinfecting adjusting tables
Quats (surfactant)
Are soaps antimicrobial
No they are good for degerming
What is an example of a heavy metal that was used to disinfection
Silver nitrate
Thimerosal
What is an aldehyde
a compound containing CHO groups
What is an example of an antimicrobial aldehyde
Glutaraldehyde (dental office, hospitals)
Formalin (embalming)
What are examples of gaseous agents used for disinfection
Ethylene oxide
What is a common enzyme used for disinfection
Lysozyme
What is an enzyme that can remove prions from medical equipment
Prionzyme
What type of chemical disinfection method is used to treat diseases
Antimicrobials
What are other methods one can use to clean
Essential oils
Steam cleaners