Exam 1 Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
During the golden age of microbiology, what where scientists looking for
A
What causes Fermentation
what causes disease
How can we prevent disease and infection
2
Q
Who was responsible for finding out that we should wash our hands
A
Ignaz Semmelweis
3
Q
Who was responsible for creating antiseptic techniques
A
Joseph Lister
4
Q
Who was the first to show infection control/ediology
A
John snow
5
Q
Who was the one that created a smallpox vaccination and created the feild of immunology
A
Edward Jenner
6
Q
What are the processes of life
A
Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism
7
Q
What are the features of prokaryotes
A
No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Circular DNA
8
Q
What are the features of Eukaryotes
A
Have nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Linear DNA
9
Q
What are Glycocalyces
A
Gelatinouns sticky substance that surrounds cells
10
Q
What are the two types of Glycocalyces
A
Capsule
Slime layer
11
Q
What does the capsule glycocalyx allow bacteria to do
A
Evade host immune system
12
Q
What does a slime layer glycocalyx allow bacteria to do
A
Attatch to surfaces
13
Q
What do bacterial cell wall allow them to do
A
Withstand osmotic forces
14
Q
What are bacterial cell walls composed of
A
Peptidoglycan
15
Q
What type of bacterial cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
A
Gram +
16
Q
What type of bacterial cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan
A
Gram -
17
Q
What colours do gram + and gram - bacteria turn in a gram stain
A
Gram + Purple
Gram - pink/red/magenta
18
Q
How can m/c pass through a bacterial membrane passivly
A
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
19
Q
How can m/c pass through a bacterial membrane activly
A
Active transport
Group translocation
20
Q
What happens when a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution
A
The cell loses water and shinks
21
Q
What happens when a cell without a cell wall is placed into a hypotonic solution
A
The cell takes on water and can burst
22
Q
What happens when a cell with a cell wall is placed in a hypotonic solution
A
Water moves into the cell, but it wont burst
23
Q
What are inclusion
A
Reserve deposits of chemicals in the cytoplasm of bacteria
24
Q
What are endospores
A
Defensive capsule bacteria can make, so that they “hibernate” until the conditions are favorable again
25
How big a prokaryote ribosomes
70s
26
How big are eukaryote ribosomes
They have a 60s subunit and a 40s subunit
27
What is resolution when talking about microspoy
shortest distance between two specime that can still be distinguished by an observer
28
What is the point of staining for microsopy
To increase the contrast
29
What are the two stains used in a Gram stain
```
Crystal Violet (purple)
Safarnin (pink)
```
30
What are the two stains used in Acid-Fast stain
```
Methylene blue (blue)
Carbol fuchsin (red)
```
31
What are the two stains used in an endospore stain
```
Malachite green (green)
Safranin (pink)
```
32
What is the purpose of an Acid-fast stain
to look for mycobacteria
33
Why do we need to use acid to stain mycobacteria
Because they have a waxy mycolic cell wall that need acid to stain
34
What is the colour of a positive acid-fast stain
Red = mycobacteria
35
What is the colour of a positive Endospore stain
Green = endospore
36
What do most gram + bacteria names end in
Us
| ium
37
What are the special Gram + bacteria that dont end in Us/ium
Listeria
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Streptomyces
38
What do most gram - bacteria names end in
a
| er
39
What are the special gram - bacteria that dont end in a/er
```
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Vibrio
Haemophilus
Bacterioides
```
40
What do the names of acid-fast bacteria have in common
Mycobacter
41
What bacteria gives a fried egg look
Mycoplasma
42
who created binomial nomenclature (genus species)
Linnaeus
43
Who proposed that there are 3 domains (bacteria, archaea, eukarya)
Carl Woese
44
What is a series of paired statments where only one of two choices applies to any particular organism, Used in determination of species
Dichotomous key
45
What is an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell
Colony
46
What is a collection of microbes in a complex community
Biofilm
47
What type of bacteria like light for energy and CO2 for carbon
Photoautotrophs
48
What type of bacteria like light for energy and organic compounds for carbon
Photoheterotrophs
49
What type of bacteria like chemical compounds for energy and CO2 for carbon
Chemoautotrophs
50
What type of bacteria like CHemical compounds for energy and organic compounds for carbon
Chemohetrerotrophs
51
What type of bacteria like cold temperatures
Psychrophilic bacteria
52
What type of bacteria like moderate temperatures
Mesophilic
53
What type of bacteria like high temperature
Thermophilic
54
What type of bacteria like extreme high temp
Hyperthermophilic
55
What type of bacteria like high (basic) pH
Basophilies
56
What type of bacteria like Low (acidic) pH
Acidophilies
57
What are the major growth requirements for microbes
```
Oxygen
Temp
pH
moisture
Osmotic pressure
Light
Food
```
58
What is a defined media
A media where all the components are known
59
What is a complex media
A media where the components are unknown
60
What is a selective media
Contain substances that favour or inhibit growth of particular organisms
61
What is a differential media
Visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies
62
What is an example of a selective media
Sabouraud dextrose arar
63
What is an example of differential media
Blood agar
64
What is an example of a Selective and differential media
MacConkey agar
65
What are plasmids
Extra chromosomal DNA that is found in microbes
66
What is the name of a fertility plasmid
F plamids
67
What is the name of a resistance plasmid
R plasmid
68
What is the name of a plasmid that allows for a bacteria to kill other bacteria
Bacteriocin plasmid
69
What is the name of a plasmid that allows for a bacteria to become "bad" in the human body
Virulence plasmid
70
What is vertical gene transfer
Organism replicates their DNA and passes it on to offspring
71
What is horizontal gene transfer
Transfer of DNA to another organism, or acquirement or DNA from environment
72
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
73
What type of horizontal gene transfer has the microbe take up DNA from the environemnt
Transformation
74
What type of gene transfer requires the cells to be considered Competent
Transformation
75
What is called when i virus transfers DNA from one microbe to another
Transduction
76
What type of DNA transfer requires a bacteria to have an F plasmid (F+) and the other to not have an F plasmid (F-)
Conjugation
77
What is the shape of a coccus
Sphere
78
What is the shape of a Bacilus
Rod
79
What is the shape of a Vibrio
Bat
80
What is the shape of a Spirochete
Spiral
81
What is the shape of a pleomorphic
Random
82
What are the three methods of Asexual reproduction
Binary fission
Snapping division
Budding
83
What is the result of binary fission
1 mother = 2 daughters
84
What is the result of snapping division
1 mother attached to a daughter (forms a hinge)
85
What is the result of budding
1 mother + 1 daughter
86
What are the different arragments of Cocci
```
Diplococci
Streptococci
Tetrads
sarcinae
Staphylococci
```
87
What are the different bacilli arrangments
Single bacilus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Palasade (v-shaped_
88
What type of bacilli arrangement is caused by snapping division
Palisade
89
How do algae and fungi reproduse
Sexually and asexually
90
What are the characteristics of protozoa
Lack cell wall
Require moist environements
Few are pathogens
mainly reproduce asexually
91
DO all protozoa produce trophozoites
yes
92
Do all protozoa produce cysts
only some
93
What are contractile vacuoles
organelle that pumps water from the cells, protecting them from osmotic lysis
94
What is the significance of fungi in terms of health
Produce antibiotics
30% cause disease (mycoses)
Spoil food
95
What is the thallus of a fungi
Nonreproductive body
96
What are hyphae
long tubular filaments of fungi
97
what is mycelium
Tangled mass of hyphae
98
What are fungi that produce two types of thalli called
Dimorphic
99
What is the mushroom
The fruiting body of a fungi
100
in Fungi, What is a series of buds that remain attached to the parent call called
Pseudohypha
101
What are characteistics of viruses
Acellular
Have DNA or RNA surrounded by a capsid
have intracellular and extracellular state
102
What is the Extracellular state of virus Called
Viron
103
What is a virus envelope
A phospholipid layer around the capsid
104
What is the intracellular state of a virus
Just DNA or RNA
105
What are the different capsid shapes
Polyhedral
Complex
Helical
106
What is the most common viral shape
Polyhedra (decahedron (20 sides))
107
What does a viral envelope provide
Protection from the host recognition system
108
What are the glycoproteins on the viral envelope called
Spikes
109
How are viruses classed
Type of nucleic acid
| Presence of envelope
110
What is lytic replication
Replication cycle of a virus that causes lysis of the host cell
111
What is lysogeny
Modified lytic cycle where the host cell is able to live+replicate until a signal stimulates viral replication
112
What is lysogenic conversion
Where phages carry genes that alter phenotype of bacterium
113
How do animal viruses attach
Chemical attraction
| Glycoprotein spikes
114
What are the three types of entry of animal virsues
Direct penetration
Endocytosis
Membrane fusion
115
What is it called when an animal virus remains dormant in host cells
Latent viruses
| Proviruses
116
How are viruses cultivated in the lab
In mature organisms (bacteria culture)
In embryonated chicken egg
In tissue culture
117
What is a prion
Proteinaceous infectious agents (lack nucleic acid)
118
How are prions destroyed
Incineration
| Autoclaving in sodium hydroxide
119
Where do prions normally cause damage
Nervous system
120
What is a tissue characteristic of a prion diseased state
Spongy appearance due to formation of large vacuoles
121
What are the roles of microorganisms in food production
Fermentation
Starter cultures
Spoilage
122
What do bacteria that produce cheese do
They produce acid that curdles the milk
123
What are the two categories fo foodborne illnesses
Food infection
| Food intoxificatoin
124
What is a food infection
Consumption of a microorganism
125
What is food intoxification
Consumption of microbial toxins
126
where do the majority of foodborn illnesses come from
Food service industry
127
What type of water is safe to drink
Potable water
128
What indicates fecal contamination of water
presence of Coliforms
129
What are the steps in water treatment
Coagulation + Flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
130
What is Bio-remediation
Use of biological organisms to solve an environmental problem
131
What is Bioterrorism
Use of microbes to terrorize human population
132
What is Agroterrorism
Use of microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying food supplies
133
What is the criteria for assessing biological threats
Impact
delivery potential
Public perception
Public preparadness
134
What is the role of Recombinate genetic technology in bioterrorism
Could be used to Make biological weponds or to thwart bioterrorism
135
What is the normal microbiota of a person for their life
Resident microbiota
136
What are transient microbiota
bacteria that remain in the body for a few hours/months before disappearing
137
What are normal flora
Organisms that colonize the body surfaces normally without causing disease
138
What are sites that are free of microbes
Axenic
139
When are most persons resident microbes established
During first months of life
140
What are opportunistic pathgens
Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances
141
What are reservoirs of infection
Sites where pathogens live until they can infect a new host
142
What are the three types of resevoids
Animal
Human
Nonliving
143
What is a disease that is spread from animal to humans
Zoonoses
144
What are usually dead-end hosts
Humans
145
What are individuals who are infected but are asymptomatic
Carriers
146
Those who develop and illness from a microbe can be called
Cases
147
What is Isolation
Separate ill person from the community
148
What is Quarantine
Restrict movement of well people who may have been exposed
149
What is contamination
Presence of microbes in body
150
What is infection
When a microbe evades the bodys immune system
151
What are the three major portals of entry
Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta
152
What is parenteral route of entry
Puncture of the skin
153
What is the most common site of microbial entry into a human
Respiratory tract
154
What is antigenicity
The ability of the substance to stimulate the production of antibodies
155
What is pathogenicity
Ability of a microbe to cause disease
156
What is virulence
Degree a pathogenicity
157
Are symptoms subjective or objective
Subjective
158
are signs subjective or objective
Objective
159
What is a syndrome
Group of symptoms and signs
160
What factors contribute to virulence
```
Adhesion factors
Biofilms
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors
```
161
What is a common adheision factor
Biofilms
162
What do extracellular enzymes do
Allow breakdown of collagen so the microbe can penetrate deeper
163
What are the stages of disease
```
Incubation
Prodromal period
Illness
Decline
Covalescence
```
164
What is the stage of disease where tissues return to normal
Covalescence
165
What are the different modes of Transmission
```
Contact
Vehicle
Vector
Airborne
Perinatal
```
166
What are the two classes of vectors
Arachnids
| Insects
167
What vectors only carry pathogen
Mechanical vectors
168
What vectors serve as hosts
Biological vectors
169
What is the most important arachnid vector
Ticks
170
What are the most important insect vector
Mosquitoes
171
What is the most important of all vectors
Mosquitoes
172
What is incidence in terms of epidemiology
Number of new cases
173
What is prevalence in terms of epidemiology
Total cases
174
What is a pandemic
An epidemic on more than one continent
175
What is an epidemic
a disease occurs at a greater frequence than normal
176
What is the index case
The first case of the disease
177
What type of disease are a result from medical procedures
Latrogenic
178
What is a noscomial infection
Infection acquired in health-care settings
179
What is the most effective way to control noscomial infections
Hand washing
180
What are the basic principals for microbial control
Sterilization
Aseptic procedures
Disinfection
181
What is antisepsis
Use of chemical on skin or other tissue to remove microbe
182
What is degerming
Removal of microbes by scrubbing
183
What is sanitization
Disinfection of a public place
184
What is pasteurization
use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce spoilage of food
185
What suffixes indicate a chemical agent is used to inhibit growth
stasis
| static
186
What suffix is used to indicate destroy of permanently inactivate a microbe
cide
| cidal
187
What measures the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent
Death rate
188
What are the two actions of an antimicrobial agent
Alteration of cell wall and membranes
| Damage to nucleic acid
189
What factos affect efficacy of antimicrobial methods
Site
| Susceptibility
190
What are moist heat related methods to kill bacteria
Boiling
Autoclaving
Pasturization
Ultrahigh temp sterilization
191
liquids that have been treated with ultrahigh-temp sterilization can be stored where
at room temperature
192
Can endospores, prions and viruses survive boiling
Yes
193
What type of heat-related microbial killing methods uses hot air and incineration
Dry heat
194
What are physical methods of microbial control
```
Refrigeration
Freezing
Dessication
Lyophilization
Filtration
Osmotic pressure
Ionizing/nonionizing radiation
```
195
What is dessication
Drying of food to inhibit growth
196
What is lyophilization
Freeze drying
197
What type of physical method of microbial control uses high concentrations of salt or sugar
Osmotic pressure
198
What have a greater ability to survive osmotic pressure changes
Fungi
199
What are two types of ionizing radiation treatments for food
Electron beams
| Gama rays
200
What is a form of nonionizing radiation
UV light
201
What are examples of phenol and phenolics for disinfection
Lysol
| Pine-sol
202
What are examples of Alcohols for disinfection
Rubbing alcohols
203
What are examples of halogens for disinfection
Bleach
Chlorine
Iodophores (used in surgery)
204
What are examples of oxidizing agents used in disinfection
Hydrogen peroxide
| Ozone
205
What is an issue with hydrogen peroxide for disinfection
It is cytotoxic, kills healthy cells and granulating tissues
206
What should someone use to clean wounds
Saline
| Commercial wound cleansers
207
What are examples of surfactants
Soaps
| Detergents
208
What is idea in disinfecting adjusting tables
Quats (surfactant)
209
Are soaps antimicrobial
No they are good for degerming
210
What is an example of a heavy metal that was used to disinfection
Silver nitrate
| Thimerosal
211
What is an aldehyde
a compound containing CHO groups
212
What is an example of an antimicrobial aldehyde
Glutaraldehyde (dental office, hospitals)
| Formalin (embalming)
213
What are examples of gaseous agents used for disinfection
Ethylene oxide
214
What is a common enzyme used for disinfection
Lysozyme
215
What is an enzyme that can remove prions from medical equipment
Prionzyme
216
What type of chemical disinfection method is used to treat diseases
Antimicrobials
217
What are other methods one can use to clean
Essential oils
| Steam cleaners
