Exam 1 Cell Overview Flashcards
1
Q
smallest unit of life
A
Cell
2
Q
2 qualities that characterize life
A
- replicate
2. Create energy from inanimate matter
3
Q
Prokaryotic cells
A
Little organization
ex. bacteria
4
Q
Eukaryotic organisms
A
genetic material organized in nucleus
contains membrane bound organelles
compartmentalization
5
Q
what is the importance of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?
A
Prevents mixing of pathways
allows for more sophisticated functions
allows cell to inc. size
6
Q
3 eukaryotic cell structures
A
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- cytosol
7
Q
cytology
A
the study of the structural components of the cell
8
Q
Hystology
A
the study of the integration of cells toform tissues
9
Q
3 comoponents of integration
A
- the cells themselves
- the ECM
- tissue fluids
10
Q
what is the importance of tissue fluids
A
transport nutrients, hormones. gases and waste to and from cell
11
Q
why do we stain cells?
A
to inc. contrast in light or electron microscope
12
Q
2 most common stains?
A
- Hematoxylin
2. Eosin
13
Q
When negative molecular groups bind to positively charged dyes, the stained structure is _______
A
Basophilic
14
Q
Basic components attract positively charged dyes like _______ and are termed __________
A
Eosin, Acidophilic
15
Q
What type of stain is used in Electron microscopy?
A
Electron- Absorbing heavy metal ions
16
Q
Structure tat encloses the cell
A
Cell Membrane
17
Q
Structure that anchors the cell to surrounding surfaces
A
Cell Membrane
18
Q
5 functions of the Cell Membrane
A
- Encloses Cell
- area of contact for surrounding cells/environment
- involved in active and passive transport
- anchors cell to surrounding surfaces
- participates in signaling and recognition events
19
Q
two types of proteins associated with the cell membrane
A
- integral proteins
2. peripheral proteins
20
Q
where are integral proteins located
A
inserted in the phospholipid bi-layer of the cell membrane
21
Q
where are peripheral proteins located?
A
attached to the inner or outer surfaces of the cell membrane
22
Q
What are trans-membrane proteins?
A
integral proteins that span the entire thickness of the cell membrane
23
Q
What 3 things can restrict protein diffusion into the cell membrane
A
- Cytoskeletal components
- cell junctions
- lipid rafts
24
Q
what is the function of lipid rafts?
A
Decrease fluidity of the lipid bilayer
25
what are lipid rafts made of?
cholesterol and sphingolipids
26
what are caveolins?
proteins that are present in some lipid rafts that reorganize the cell membrane into a pear shape and are used in signaling events and cellular uptake.
27
what is the function of the glycocalyx?
cell recognition, signaling, mechanical protection
28
T/F most cells have a single nucleus?
T
29
what does the Nuclear envelope do?
encloses the nucleus
30
what are nuclear pores?
pores on the nuclear envelope that control the flow of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm
31
what are the 2 unit membranes of the nuclear envelope?
1. Outter membrane
| 2. Inner Membrane
32
what is the importance of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope?
contains Ribosomes
33
what is the importance of the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope?
contains the nuclear lamina
34
what is the nuclear lamina
a Fibrous sheath composed of lamins that provide the nucleus with mechanical strength
35
what is chromatin?
DNA with complexed with proteins
36
what is the nuclear matrix
filamentous material remaining after enzymatic digestion and extraction of the nucleus
37
what is the function of the ucleoli
production of riosomes
38
T/F the nucleoli of cells usually stains with Acidic dyes?
F
39
what are nuclear organizing regions?
responsible for encoding rRNA and determine the umber of nucleoli in cell
40
T/F cytosol takes up 1/2 of the cell's volume
T
41
what is cytosol made up of?
water, ions, sugar, AA, nucleotides, soluble enzymes, cytoskeletal components, mRNA, tRNA
42
what is the key function of the rER?
protein synthesis
43
what is the key function of the sER
lipid synthesis, calcium sequestration, steroid hormone synthesis, and detoxification
44
T/F ribosomes are basophilic?
T
45
what is ergastoplasm?
accumulations of basophilic, well developed rER in pancreatic cells
46
what is nissel substance?
accumulations of basophilic, well developed rER in neurons
47
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
The ER in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that sequesters calcium ions
48
what is the golgi complex
consists of a series of flattened cisternae with a convex of cis side that is usually orientated towards the nucleus and a concave or trans side that faces the cell periphery
49
where are secretory granules located?
present in specialized digestive glands and hormone producing cells
50
T/F All cells are capable of constitutive secretion
T
51
what is constitutive secretion?
continuous delivery of growth factors and components of membranes and the ECM to cell surface
52
T/F constitutive secretion needs no stimulus
T
53
how does constitutive secretion work?
small vesicles bud off from the golgi (trans region) and fuse with the cell membrane through exocytosis
54
the accumulation of membranes is balanced by ______
endocytosis
55
3 types of endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis
2. pinocytosis
3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
56
what is phagocytosis?
ingestionof a solid particulate
57
which two cells perform phagocytosis in the animal?
neutrophils an dmacrophages
58
why is phagocytosis important for a cell?
defense mechanism against infectious organisms and removes cell debris
59
what is Pinocytosis?
uptake of fluid
60
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis
the uptake of receptor bound material
61
what is the importance of autolysosomes?
a way for the cell to digest aged or little used organelles
62
what is a residual body?
whats left when indigestible material is in a secondary lysosome
63
what are dense bodies?
electron dense bodies, rich in calcium in some cells
| unknown function
64
what is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
65
which organelle has the capability to metabolize hydrogen peroxide?
Peroxisomes
66
what is the function of the cytoskeleton?
covers structures that function to maintain cell shape, motility and intercellular transport functions
67
what are the 3 main components of the cytoskeleton?
1. microtubules
2. microfiliments
3. intermediate Filaments
68
Transports vessicles and other organelles within the cyotplasm
microtubules
69
what are the 2 microtubule subunits?
Alpha and Beta tubulin
70
2 components of microfiliments and their functions
1. actin - muscle contraction
| 2. Myosin - directional movement
71
cytoskeletal structure that helps stabilize the cells shape and restrict protein mobility with transmembrane proteins
microfilaments
72
T/F intermediate filaments are involved in intracellular transport
F. intermediate filaments are not polorized so do not help with transport
73
what is the function of intermediate filaments?
anchoring and structural functions
74
name the 5 families of intermediate filaments
1. Keratins
2. vimentin
3. desmin
4. Gial Fibrillar Acidic protein
5 neurofilaments
75
a number of deposits in cytosol that do not perform specific chemical reactions and not classified as organelles
inclusions
76
what are the 3 types of inclusions?
1. lipid droplets
2. glycogen deposits
3. pigments
77
Where do lipid droplets occur?
adipocytes, adrenal cortical cells, liver cells
78
where are glycogen droplets found?
liver, muscle, and neuron cells
79
3 types of pigments
lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin
80
non-motile finger-like projections of the cell membrane that function to inc. the surface area of cell
microvilli
81
projections of cell that beat in synchronous manner to produce unidirectional transport
cillia
82
where are cillia found?
respiratory tract
83
what is the name given to the central region of cillia and flagellum?
Axoneme
84
Arms that extend from A microtubules that attach to the adjacent B microtubules and cause a bending movemeent
Dynein
85
where is the basal body located?
at the base of the cillia or flagellum
86
somatic cells multiply by ________
mitosis
87
gametes increase in number by ________
meiosis
88
4 phases of the cell cycle
1. G1
2. S
3. G2
4. M
89
What are cyclins?
protein checkpoints that control the cell cycle
90
what are the 6 phases of mitosis
1. prophase
2. prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Cytokinesis
91
3 types of intercellular junctions
1. occluding
2. Anchoring
3. Communicating
92
what are the 3 basic components of the cell
cytosol, organelles, cell inclusions
93
what is hyaloplasm
the basic structureless cytoplasm,
94
which organelle contains the genetic information for the cell
nucleus
95
in eukaryotic cells, what separates the genome from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
96
T/F the chromatin of the nucleus is Acidophilic?
F. Basophilic
97
what are the two types of chromatin
Heterochromatin, Euchromatin
98
Allows for the passage of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Nuclear Pores
99
what is hyaloplasm?
Basic structurless cytoplasm
100
what is the point of no return in apoptosis
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
101
what are the functions of the smooth er
lipid biosynthesis, detoxification, sequestrate of calcium ions
102
functions of the rough er
segregation of proteins, glycosylation of glycoproteins, synthesis of phospholipids, assembly of multichain proteins
103
what are the 5 types of intermediate filaments
1. tonofilaments,
2. vimentin
3. desmin
4. neurofilaments
5. glial filaments
104
what are stereocilla
absorptive nonmotile projections
| considered large microvilli
105
____ extend from each outer pair of microtubules towards the inner central tubules
radial spokes
106
____ join each outer pair of microtubules with the adjacent outer pair
Nexin
107
Double membrand bound large structure containing chromatin
nucleus
108
double lipid bilayer with nuclear pore complexes
nuclear envelope
109
Aggrigation of cells and intercellular substances specialized to perform particular functions
Tissue
110
4 types of tissues in the body
1. epithelium
2. connective tissue
3. Muscle
4. nervous tissue
111
2 types of epithelium
surface and glandular
112
category of epithelium that consists of sheets of aggrivated cells of similar type
surface epithelium
113
category of epithelium that makes up secratory cells of the endocrine and exocrine system
glandular epithelium
114
type of epithelium that covers all of the external surfaces and lines the internal surfaces of the body
surface epithelium
115
type of epithelium that results from proliferation of surface epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue
glandular epithelium
116
list some characteristics of epithelial cells
protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, formation of barriers for selective permeability
117
the protein in the cytoplasmic filaments of epithelial cells
cytokeratin
118
at the basal surface of epithelial cells that makes contact with underlying connective tissue
basement membrane
119
what are the 2 layers of the basement membrane
lamina Lucida and lamina densa
120
connects lamina densa to subepithelial connective tissue
lamina fibroreticularis
121
3 embryotic germ layers in which epithelial cells derive
1. ectoderm
2. endoderm
3. mesoderm
122
how is surface epithlium classified?
based on # of layers present and shape of cells
123
what is simple epithelium
single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane
124
2 components of connective tissue
cells and matrix
125
what makes up the matrix of connective tissue
fibers, ground substance, and fluid
126
what are the 3 classifications of connective tissue
emmbryonic, adult, and special
127
what are the 4 types of adult connective tissue
loose, dense, reticular, and adipose
128
what are the 3 types of special connective tissue
cartilage, bone, blood
129
what are the 6 functions of connective tissue
1 connect
2. suspend/give form
3. insulation and storage
4. defend
5. Nutrition
6. repair and regeneration
130
what are the types of fibers found in the connective tissue matrix? (3)
collagen, elastic, and reticular
131
what is ground substance
amorphoous, formed by principal cells of tissue found in matrix of connective tissue
132
what are the 3 components of connective tissue
gags, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
133
types of light microscopy
1. bright field
2. polarized
3. florescence
4. phase contrast
5. stereo (dissecting)
134
why is polarized light microscopy important?
cannot see nuclei and shows 3d structure
