Exam 1- Health Promotion in the Toddler, Preschooler, School Aged Child, and Adolescent Flashcards
(116 cards)
toddler age range
12 months through 36 months
Toddler – Physical Development
Physical growth – 5 lb./yr weight 3 in/yr Ht
Physiologic anorexia
Anterior fontanel closes 12 to 18 months
Achieves 50% of adult height by 2 years
Toddler – Gross Motor
Walking by 15 months
Climbing on anything
Removing clothing
Stoops and recovers
Toddler – Gross Motor
By 18 months
Runs clumsily, falls often
Walks up stairs with hand held
Jumps in place with both feet
Toddler – 24 mo – Gross Motor
Throws ball over hand. Kicks ball.
Goes up and down stairs with 2 feet on each step
Toddler – Gross Motor
By 30 months –
Jumps from chair, steps, anything
Stands on one foot momentarily
Fine Motor
Scribbles
Can use a spoon and toothbrush, but messy
2 yr. wash and dry hands
Toddler- Negativism and Ritualism
Really want to be an adult
Ask them to do something and they will say “no”
Ask them to help you the adult do something they are doing, and you will get a Big Yes
Critical Tasks of Toddler Period
Recognition of self as a separate person with own will
Control of impulses and acquisition of socially acceptable ways to communicate wants and needs
Control of elimination
Toleration of separation from parent
Preoperational Thinking
Egocentrism – views everything in relation to self and is unable to consider another’s point of view
Animism– Believes that inert objects are alive and have wills of their own
Preoperational
Irreversibility – Cannot see a process in reverse order. Can not follow a line of reasoning back to its beginning.
Magical thought – wishing something will make it happen
Believe that their thoughts are all powerful
Preoperational
Centration – Tends to focus on one aspect of an experience. May have difficulty putting together a puzzle. Focuses on dominant characteristics of an object
Moral and Spiritual
Kohlberg
Preconventional or Premoral phase
Whether an action is good or bad depends on whether it is rewarded or punished
Fowler
Spirituality is based on images and imagination
Language/communication
15 – 18 mo – Putting two words together (25% intelligible)
Understands simple directions
2 – 3 word phrases by 2 years (50% intelligible)
3 – 4 word sentences by 3 years (75% intelligible)
Own first and last name can be stated by 2 ½ to 3 years
Communicating with the Toddler
Ask parents what his words for things like urination are
Tell exactly what you are going to do just before you are going to do it
A combination of words and gestures for expressing wants–Holographic speech
Are learning to name body parts
Concerned about body
Boo boos
Male vs. female
Well-Child Visit
Blood Lead Level at 1 year & 2 year visit
Hgb/Hct
Vision – cover, uncover test
Parenting Issues – Toddler years
Discipline
Toilet Training
Temper Tantrums
Discipline
Consistent limits
Positive reinforcement
Immediate consequences
Redirection or distractions
Time outs: 1 minute per year of age
Readiness for toilet training
Can remove own clothing
Is willing to let go of a toy when asked
Has been walking well for one year
Notices when diaper is wet
Communicates need to go to bathroom
Wants to please parent by staying dry
Family not under major stressors
Temper Tantrums
Limited language leads to frustration
Anticipate
Inconsistent parental practices increase frequency of tantrums
Isolate safely and ignore
Anticipatory Teaching
Regular meal times with utensils that fit, with family
Soft toothbrush, non-fluoride toothpaste
Sleep about 12 – 14 hr/day, 1 nap
Limit TV viewing to < 1 hr day
Bedtime routine
Nutrition
Toddlers have the highest number of taste buds and the higher degree of taste sensitivity.
Eating jags
1 Tbsp of solid food per year of age
Ritualism = regular meal times
Whole milk at 1 year – 24 – 30 oz/day
100% juice – 4 – 6 oz/day – Cup only
Domestic mimicry –Symbolic Play
Imitating parent of same sex in household tasks – domestic mimicry
Deferred imitation is imitating the parent after they have left their sight
Toddler – Age Appropriate Toys
Noise-making, push-pull toys, riding toys, work bench, toy hammers, musical anything, drums, pots and pans
blocks, puzzles with very few large pieces
finger paints, crayons, clay
dolls/stuffed animals
Toy telephones
Storybooks with pictures