Growth Charts
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Developmental Screening Tools
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History
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Directional Patterns of Growth
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal
head to toe
Proximodistal
from the center outward
Developmental Theorists
Erikson
Piaget
Kohlberg
Fowler
Erikson –
– Psychosocial
Piaget –
- Cognitive
Kohlberg
- Moral
Fowler –
– Spirituality
Erikson’s Stages of psychosocial development - increases in complexity starting with
Infant:
trust vs mistrust
Toddler:
Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
Pre-Schooler
Initiative vs Guilt
Grade Schooler
Industry vs Inferiority
Teenager
Identity vs role confusion
Young Adult
Intimacy vs Isolation
Middle Aged Adult
generatively vs stagnation
Older Adult
Integrity vs Despair
Piaget
How do we learn
How does thinking progress
Stages of cognitive development
Piaget’s Stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Sensorimotor Stage
0-2
The child begins to interact with the environment
Preoperational Stage
2-6 or 7
the child begins to represent the world symbolically
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 or 12
The child learns rules such as conversation
Formal Operational Stage
12 - adult
the adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future
Kohlberg-
what is the toddler’s moral phase?
Preconventional
punishment/obedience
What is the preschoolers moral phase?
Preconventional
punishment/obedience
What is the school aged child’s moral phase?
Conventional
rules become less absolute and are based on mutual agreement, cooperation, and respect for others.
Maintains social order and conforms to follow rules.
What is the adolescent age 13 to 21 years olds moral phase?
Post conventional – principled moral reasoning
absolutes and models are questioned.
fair treatment of individuals
justice
Adulthood to maturity 60
Universal ethical principles
Spirituality in Children – Fowler
Stage 1 –
Stage 1 – Toddler/Preschooler – Intuitive-Projective – Images
Spirituality in Children – Fowler
Stage 2–
Stage 2 – School Age – Mythic-Literal Faith – Stories of faith
Spirituality in Children – Fowler
Stage 3 –
Stage 3 – Adolescents – Synthetic-Conventional Faith – formation of personal faith
Spirituality in Children – Fowler
Stage 4,5, & 6 –
Stage 4, 5, 6 – Progression of faith with maturation
Development and Hospitalization
A child’s response to his illness is influenced by his age as well as his developmental stage.
Our goal as nurses is to minimize the effects of hospitalization on the child’s growth and development; and to even enhance the child’s development of self-esteem and autonomy.
