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Preventative Med. & Nutrition > Exam #1: Minerals II > Flashcards

Exam #1: Minerals II Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the majority of the body’s iron found?

A

Hemoglobin

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2
Q

What is the point of regulation for iron?

A

Absorption

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3
Q

What are the two types of iron? Where do the different types of iron come from?

A

Heme= animals ONLY

Nonheme= BOTH plant and animal sources

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4
Q

Which form of iron is more readily absorbed?

A

Heme

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5
Q

What can increase the absorption of non-heme iron?

A
  • Acids e.g. Vitamin C

- Sugars

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6
Q

What are the major functions of iron?

A

1) Center of heme/ O2 transport

2) Enzyme component

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7
Q

What is the relationship between Vitamin C & Iron?

A

Vitamin C enhances absorption of non-heme iron

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8
Q

What is the relationship between Copper & Iron?

A

Copper - ceruloplasmin- mobilizes iron from stores in the liver

*****Note that without copper/ ceruloplasmin, iron essentially gets “stuck” in the liver and can cause liver damage

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9
Q

What is the relationship between Zinc & Iron?

A
  • Iron decreases the absorption of zinc

**Note that zinc competes for the same portion of the absorptive pathway as iron; thus, high zinc will decrease iron (especially non-heme) absorption

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10
Q

What is the relationship between Vitamin A & Iron?

A

Vitamin A deficiency reduces the distribution of iron to tissue

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11
Q

What is the relationship between Lead & Iron?

A

Lead inhibits the enzyme necessary for heme synthesis AND the enzyme necessary for iron incorporation into heme

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12
Q

What are the four groups that are most susceptible to iron deficiency in the US?

A

1) Infants and young children
2) Adolescents
3) Premenopausal women
4) Pregnant women

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of iron deficiency?

A
  • Pallor
  • Dizziness
  • Palpitations
  • Pica
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnea
  • Angular stomatosis
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14
Q

What are the lab findings commonly seen in iron deficiency?

A
  • Decreased Hb
  • Microcytic anemia
  • Decreased serum iron
  • Increase TIBC
  • Decreased serum ferritin

**Note that iron deficiency can occur without anemia

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of iron toxicity?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Tissue damage (liver & brain)
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16
Q

What is the most typical acute cause of iron toxicity?

A

Overdose

**Think gummie vitamins

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17
Q

What are the chronic causes of iron toxicity

A
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Idiopathic hereditary hemochromatosis
  • Iron-loading anemias i.e. thalassemia & sideroblastic anemia
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18
Q

What is the treatment for iron toxicity?

A

Phlebotomy & chelation

*****Chelation= drug that binds iron so that it can be more readily excreted, best for chronic toxicity

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19
Q

What are the major functions of zinc?

A
  • Enzyme cofactor
  • Functions in tissue/ cell growth & replication, skin integrity, bone formation, and wound healing
  • Immunosuppression
  • Carbohydrate metabolism (incorporation into insulin)
  • Taste
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20
Q

What are the major nutrients, macorminerals, and microminerals essential to wound healing?

A
  • Protein
  • Vitamin C
  • Zinc
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21
Q

What is the relationship between zinc & Vitamin A?

A

Zinc deficiency is associated with decreased mobilization of retinol (Vitamin A) from liver

*****Zinc is necessary for hepatic synthesis of retinol binding protein

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22
Q

What is the relationship between zinc & copper?

A

Excessive zinc intake decreases copper absorption

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23
Q

What is the relationship between zinc & Ca++?

A

Zinc supplements decrease Ca++ absorption

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24
Q

What is the relationship between zinc & folate?

A
  • Folate digestion requires zinc

- Deficiency in zinc could lead to folate deficiency

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25
Q

What is the relationship between zinc & cadmium?

A

Cadmium is a competitive zinc antagonist

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26
Q

What is the relationship between zinc & lead?

A
  • Lead may replace zinc in enzyme for heme synthesis

- Toxic levels of lead thus inhibit heme synthesis

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

1) Delayed wound healing
2) Hypogonadism
3) Alopecia
4) Dysguesia
5) Anosmia
6) Nonspecific peri-oral rash

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc toxicity?

A
  • Metallic taste
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Copper deficiency leading to iron deficiency

*****Remember, HIGH zinc= LOW Copper–>LOW Iron

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29
Q

What are the functions of copper?

A

The major functions of copper include:

  • Enzyme cofactor
  • Electron donor/ acceptor
  • Gene expression by binding to transcription factors
30
Q

What are the enzymes that utilize copper as a cofactor?

A

1) Ceruloplasmin
2) Cytochrome C
3) Superoxide dismutase
4) Tyrosinase

31
Q

What is the relationship between copper and zinc?

A
  • Toxic levels of zinc inhibits copper absorption
  • Copper is an essential component of the enzyme ceruoplasmin
  • Ceruloplasmin mobilizes iron from stores in the liver

**Thus, HIGH ZINC = LOW COPPER and LOW IRON

32
Q

What is the relationship between copper and molybdenum?

A

Molybdenum causes copper excretion

33
Q

What is the relationship between copper and selenium?

A

Copper deficiency decreases selenium-dependent enzyme function

34
Q

What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?

A
  • Hypochromic anemia
  • Neutropenia
  • Hypopigmentation
  • Imparied immune function
  • Demineralization of bone
35
Q

What is Wilson’s Disease?

A
  • Disease characterized by defect in transporter required for biliary excretion of copper
  • Leads to accumulation of copper in liver, brain, & kidneys
  • Causes mental retardation & liver damage
36
Q

What is Menke’s Syndrome?

A
  • Disease characterized by defect in transported required for copper into fetus
  • Causes slow growth, mental degradation, and kinky white hair
37
Q

What are the symptoms of copper toxicity?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Hematuria
  • Jaundice

**Note that this is v. rare and occurs via water contamination or accidental ingestion

38
Q

What are the functions of Selenium?

A
  • Maintenance and induction of cytochrome p450*
  • Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase
  • Iodine metabolism; no selenium can lead to iodine deficiency
39
Q

What is the relationship between selenium and lead?

A

Lead cause a decrease in tissue concentrations of selenium

40
Q

What is the relationship between selenium and iron?

A

Iron deficiency decreases synthesis of glutathione peroxidase & selenium concentrations

41
Q

What is the relationship between selenium and copper?

A

Copper deficiency decreases activity of selenium-dependent enzymes

42
Q

What is the relationship between selenium and methionine?

A

Methionine deficiency causes decreased selenium potency

43
Q

What is Keshan Disease?

A

Regional selenium deficiency seen in China that is characterized by:

  • Cardiomyopathy w/ cardiogenic shock
  • CHF
  • Necrosis of the heart

*****Note that this disease also requires exposure to COXSACKIE virus

44
Q

What is Kashin-Beck’s Disease?

A

Regional selenium deficiency seen in China that is characterized by:

  • Osteoarthropathy
  • Degeneration & necrosis of joints
45
Q

What are the symptoms of Selenosis?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Fatigue
  • Hair & nail loss
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis

*****Note that this can be seen in miners, and those with an excessive intake

46
Q

What are the functions of iodine?

A

1) Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones

2) Controls basal metabolic rate, growth, development, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism

47
Q

What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?

A

Hypothyroidism w/

  • Goiter
  • Decreased cold tolerance
  • Overweight
  • Coarse hair
48
Q

What are the symptoms of iodine toxicity?

A

Hyperthyroidism

  • Weight loss
  • Exopthalmous
  • Heat intolerance
  • Goiter
49
Q

What is the major function of fluoride?

A

Mineralization of teeth and bones

50
Q

What nutrients reduce uptake of flouride?

A

Aluminum
Ca++
Mg++
Cl-

51
Q

What nutrients increase flouride uptake?

A

Phosphate

Sulfate

52
Q

What are the symptoms of flouride deficiency?

A
  • Dental carries

- Decreased integrity of skeletal tissue

53
Q

What are the symptoms of fluorosis?

A
  • Mottling of teeth

- Changes in bone, kidney, & nerve/muscle function

54
Q

What are the functions of chromium?

A
  • Binds nicotinic acid & amino acids to form glucose intolerance factor
  • Glucose intolerance factor initiates disulfide bridging between insulin and the insulin receptor; thus, the effectiveness of insulin is INCREASED with chromium
  • Glucose & lipid metabolism
55
Q

What are the symptoms of chromium deficiency?

A
  • Glucose intolerance
  • Insulin resistance
  • Hyperinsulinemia
56
Q

What are the symptoms of chromium toxicity?

A
  • Respiratory distress
  • Dermatitis
  • Ulercation

*****Note that this comes from inhalation or direct skin contact

57
Q

What are the functions of manganese?

A
  • Enzyme activator & constituent of metalloenzymes

- Modulator of second messenger pathways

58
Q

What are the symptoms of manganese deficiency?

A 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Dermatitis 
Decreased growth of hair & nails
Low blood cholesterol

*****This is very rare and typically only seen if intentionally eliminated from the diet

59
Q

What are the symptoms of manganese toxicity?

A
  • Liver failure

- Parkinson-like sx

60
Q

hare the functions of molybdenum?

A

Component of enzymes involved in redox reactions

61
Q

What are the symptoms of molybdenum deficiency?

A
  • High blood methionine
  • Low blood xanthine
  • Low blood uric acid

*****Associated with esophageal cancer & long-term TPN admin.

62
Q

What are the symptoms of molybdenum toxicity?`

A

Gout due to high uric acid concentrations

63
Q

List the ultra-trace elements.

A 
Nickel 
Silicon 
Vanadium 
Arsenic 
Boron 
Cobalt 
Tin 
Lithium
64
Q

What is the most likely source of aluminum toxicity?

A

Food additives and antacids

65
Q

What are the symptoms of aluminum toxicity?

A
  • Renal encephalopathy

- Neurotoxicity

66
Q

What is the source of cadmium toxicity?

A

Pollution

67
Q

What are the symptoms of cadmium toxicity?

A
  • Osteomalacia by antagonizing Ca++ metabolism

- Anemia by antagonizing zinc & iron

68
Q

What is the source of mercury toxicity?

A

Pollution (run off that accumulates in fish)

69
Q

What are the symptoms of mercury toxicity?

A
  • Ataxia
  • Visual problems
  • Mental retardation
  • Neuromuscular problems in infants
70
Q

What is the source of lead toxicity?

A

Lead paint in older buildings & pottery

71
Q

What are the symptoms of lead toxicity?

A

Neurological, kidney & hematological damage

Preventative Med. & Nutrition (30 decks)

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