Exam 1 - Section 1 (9/8) Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Psychological triad - how people _________, _________, and _________

think, feel and behave

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Theoretical view = _________

paradigm

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Definition of Personality:

An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of _________, _________, and _________

thinking, feeling, and behaving

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_________ :

An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Definition of Personality

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The Goals of Personality Psychology:

Explain the _________ in his or her daily _________

whole person

- environment

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: how people differ
psychologically

Trait

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: understand the mind in terms of the body (physiological responses)

Biological

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: primary concern is with the unconscious mind and internal mental conflict

Psychoanalytic

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: focus on people’s conscious experience of the world

Phenomenological

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

—Phenomenological approach:
_________: how conscious awareness produces uniquely human aFributes; understand meaning and basis of happiness

Humanistic

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

—Phenomenological approach:
_________: how the experience of reality varies across cultures

Cross-cultural

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach-

Humanistic
Cross-cultural

Phenomenological

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

—Phenomenological approach:
_________: The person as a whole, what you think, how concious you are regarding yourself

Humanistic

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach:
how behavior changes as a result of rewards, punishments, and other life experiences

Learning and cognitive

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : learning through observa,on and self-evaluation

Social learning

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : focuses on cognitive processes including perception, memory, and thought

Cognitive personality

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Basic Approaches to Personality:

–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : focuses on overt behavior

Classic behaviorism

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology

• Goal is to account for the _________ person and _________ concerns
– Advantage: inclusive, interesting, and important
– Disadvantage: overinclusiveness or unfocused research

whole

- real-life

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology

• Goal is to account for the whole person and real-life concerns
– Advantage: ________ , interesting, and _________
– Disadvantage: overinclusiveness or unfocused research

inclusive

- important

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology

• Goal is to account for the whole person and real-life concerns
– Advantage: inclusive, interesting, and important
– Disadvantage: _________ or unfocused _________

overinclusiveness

- research

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology:

_________ approaches
– Advantage: good at addressing certain topics
– Disadvantage: poor at addressing other topics or ignores them

Basic

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology:

Basic approaches
– Advantage: good at addressing _________ topics
– Disadvantage: poor at addressing other topics or _________ them

certain

- ignores

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• Other areas of psychology treat all people as if they were the _________
• Personality psychologists emphasize _________ differences
– Negative: pigeonholing
– Positive: leads to sensitivity and respect for individual differences

same

- individual

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• Other areas of psychology treat all people as if they were the same
• Personality psychologists emphasize individual differences
– Negative: _________
– Positive: leads to _________ and respect for _________ differences

pigeonholing
sensitivity
individual

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_________ : | There are no perfect indicators of per- sonality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous

Funder’s Second Law

Funder’s Second Law: | There are no perfect indicators of _________; there are only clues, and clues are always _________

- personality | - ambiguous

Funder’s Second Law: Psychologist’s job: put together the _________

clues

_________ : Something beats nothing, two times out of three

Funder’s Third Law

_________ : Self-Judgments or Self-Reports * Usually _________ or surveys * Most frequent data source * High face validity (Measures what it appears to measure)

- S Data | - questionnaires

S Data: Self-Judgments or Self-Reports * Usually questionnaires or surveys * Most _________ data source * High _________ (Measures what it appears to measure)

- frequent | - face validity

Advantages of S Data: • Based on a _________ amount of information – You are always with yourself – People are usually their own best _________ • Access to thoughts, feelings, and inten,ons • Definitional truth • Causal force – Efficacy expectations – Self-verification • Simple and easy data

- large | - expert

Advantages of S Data: • Based on a large amount of information • Access to _________, feelings, and _________ • Definitional _________ • Causal force – Efficacy expectations – Self-verification • Simple and easy data

- thoughts - intentions - truth

Advantages of S Data: • Based on a large amount of information • Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions • Definitional truth • _________ force – Efficacy expectations – Self-verification • Simple and easy _________

- Causal | - data

Advantages of S Data: • Based on a large amount of information • Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions • Definitional truth • Causal force – _________ expectations (produces intended results) – _____-verification • Simple and easy data

- Efficacy | - Self

_________ of S Data: ``` • Maybe people won’t tell you • Maybe people can’t tell you – Fish-and-water effect – Active distortion of memory – Lack of self-insight • Too simple and too easy ```

Disadvantages

Disadvantages of S Data: ``` • Maybe people _________ tell you • Maybe people _________ tell you – Fish-and-water effect – Active distortion of memory – Lack of self-insight • Too _________ and too easy ```

- won’t - can’t - simple

Disadvantages of S Data: ``` • Maybe people won’t tell you • Maybe people can’t tell you – Fish-and-water effect – Active _________ of memory – Lack of _____-insight • Too simple and too easy ```

- distortion | - self

_________ Data: Asking someone who knows them

Informant Report (I)

Informant Report (I) Data: ``` • Acquaintances, _________, clinical psychologists, and so on • No training or _________ needed • Based on observing people in whatever context they know them from • Used _________ in daily life ```

- coworkers - expertise - frequently

Informant Report (____) Data

_________ of I Data : • Based on a large amount of information • Based on observation of behavior in the real world • Based on common sense about what behaviors mean • Definitional truth • Causal force – Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies – Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation

Advantages

Advantages of I Data: • Based on a large amount of information • Based on _________ of behavior in the real world • Based on _________ sense about what behaviors mean • Definitional _________ • Causal force – Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies – Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation

- observation - common - truth

Advantages of I Data: • _________ – Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies – Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation

Causal force

Advantages of I Data: • Causal force – Reputation affects _________ and expectancies – _________ effects; also called behavioral confirmation

- opportunities | - Expectancy

_________ of I Data: * Limited behavioral information * Lack of access to private experience * Error: more likely to remember behaviors that are extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing * Bias: due to personal issues or prejudices

Disadvantages

Disadvantages of I Data: * Limited behavioral information * Lack of access to _________ experience * _________ : more likely to remember behaviors that are extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing * Bias: due to personal issues or prejudices

- private | - Error

Disadvantages of I Data: * Limited behavioral information * Lack of access to private experience * Error: more likely to remember behaviors that are _________, unusual, or emotionally _________ * _________: due to personal issues or prejudices

- extreme - arousing - Bias

Life Outcomes (___) Data

Life Outcomes (L) Data: * Obtained from _________ records or self-report * From_________ media * The results, or “_________,” of personality

- archival - social - residue

Advantages and Disadvantages of L Data: • _________ - – Objective and verifiable – Intrinsic importance – Psychological relevance

Advantages

Advantages and Disadvantages of L Data: • _________ - – Multidetermination

Disadvantage

L Data: • Advantages- – Objective and _________ – _________ importance – Psychological relevance • Disadvantage- – Multidetermination

- verifiable | - Intrinsic

L Data: • Advantages- – Objective and verifiable – Intrinsic importance – Psychological _________ • Disadvantage- – _________

- relevance | - Multidetermination

Watch What the Person Does: __ Data

Behavioral (B) Data: • The most visible indication of an individual’s _________ is what she _________

- personality | - does

_________ B Data: * Based on real life * Diary and experience-sampling methods * EAR: electronically activated recorder * Ambulatory assessment: using computer- assisted methods to assess behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Natural

Natural B Data: * Based on real life * Diary and _________-sampling methods * _________: electronically activated recorder * _________ assessment: using computer- assisted methods to assess behavior, thoughts, and feelings

- experience - EAR - Ambulatory

Natural B Data: • Advantage - – _________ • Disadvantages - – Difficult – Desired contexts may _________ occur

- Realistic | - seldom

_________ B Data: • Experiments – Make a situation happen and record behavior – Examine reactions to situations – Represent real-life contexts that are difficult to observe directly • Physiological measures: biological “behavior”

Laboratory

Laboratory B Data: • Experiments – Make a situation happen and _________ behavior – Examine _________ to situations – Represent real-life contexts that are difficult to observe directly • Physiological measures: biological “behavior”

- record | - reactions

Laboratory B Data: • Experiments – Make a situation happen and record behavior – Examine reactions to situations – Represent _________ contexts that are difficult to observe directly • _________ measures: biological “behavior”

- real-life | - Physiological

Advantages and Disadvantages of ___ Data: • Advantages – Large range of contexts in the lab – Appearance of objectivity • But subjective judgments must still be made • Disadvantages – Difficult and expensive – Uncertain interpretation

Advantages and Disadvantages of B Data: • _________ – Large range of contexts in the lab – Appearance of objectivity • But subjective judgments must still be made

Advantages

Advantages and Disadvantages of B Data: • _________ – Difficult and expensive – Uncertain interpretation

Disadvantages

B Data: • Advantages – Large range of contexts in the _________ – Appearance of objectivity • But _________ judgments must still be made • Disadvantages – Difficult and expensive – Uncertain _________

- lab - subjective - interpretation

Mixed Types of Data: * Data do not always fit into only one _________ * There is a wide range of possible types of _________ * Each type has advantages and disadvantages

- category | - data

Quality of Data: _________ • Measurement error – Also called error variance – The cumulative effect of extraneous influences • States versus traits

Reliability

Quality of Data: Reliability • Measurement error – Also called error _________ – The cumulative effect of extraneous influences • States _________ traits

- variance | - versus

Quality of Data: _________ • A “slippery” concept – Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity – Invokes the idea of “ultimate truth”

-Validity

Quality of Data Validity: • A “slippery” concept – Reliability is necessary but not _________ for validity – Invokes the idea of “_________”

- sufficient | - ultimate truth

Quality of Data: _________ * The distinction between reliability and validity is regarded as “fuzzy” by some * A broader concept than reliability or validity

Generalizability

Quality of Data: Generalizability * The distinction between reliability and validity is regarded as “_______” by some * A _________ concept than reliability or validity

- fuzzy | - broader

Quality of Data: Generalizability: ``` • Generalizability over participants – College students versus _________ – _________ bias – Shows versus no-shows – Ethnic and _________ diversity ```

- others - Gender - cultural

Research Design: _________ • Can yield explanations of particular events, general lessons, and scientific principles

Case Method

Research Design: Case Method • _________ – Describes the whole phenomenon – Source for ideas – Sometimes necessary for understanding an individual

Advantages

Research Design: Case Method • _________ – Unknown generalizability – No control

Disadvantages

Research Design: Case Method • Advantages – Describes the whole phenomenon – Source for _________ – Sometimes necessary for understanding an _________ • Disadvantages – Unknown generalizability – No _________

- ideas - individual - control

Research Design: _________ • Definition: a research technique that establishes the causal relationship between an independent variable (x) and a dependent variable (y) by randomly assigning par,cipants to experimental groups characterized by differing levels of x, and measuring the average behavior y that results in each group

- Experimental Method

Research Design: Experimental Method • Definition: a research technique that establishes the causal relationship between an _________ variable (x) and a _________ variable (y) by randomly assigning participants to _________ groups characterized by differing levels of x, and measuring the average behavior y that results in each group

- independent - dependent - experimental

Research Design: _________ • Test differences between groups with statistical tests to determine if the difference is larger than would be expected by chance

Experimental Method

Research Design: _________ * Scatter plot * Correlation coefficient

Correlational Method

Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods * Both attempt to assess the relationship between two _________ * The statistics (with two groups) are _________ * The experimental method manipulates the presumed causal variable, and the correlational method measures it

- variables | - interchangeable

Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods • The experimental method _________ the presumed causal variable, and the correlational method _________ it

- manipulates | - measures

Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods • Only experiments can assess _________ • Reasons for not knowing causal direction in correlational studies – _________ problem – Unknown direction of cause

- causality | - Third-variable

Exam 1 - Section 1 (9/8) Flashcards

(84 cards)