Exam 2 - Chpt 16 Flashcards by Ashley Burkhalter

primary organs of the respiratory system

lungs

thorax

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fundamental responsibility of the lungs and thorax

gas exchange

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thorax, thoracic cavity is aka

the chest

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3 sections of the thoracic cavity

mediastinum

R, L pleural cavity

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what does the mediastinum contain?

heart
trachea
esophagus
major blood vessels

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what does each pleural cavity contain?

a lung

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major function of the respiratory system

supply body with O2

expel CO2

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what occurs during external respiration

exchange of O2, CO2 at alveoli level

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what occurs during internal respiration

exchange of O2, CO2 at cellular level

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what is included in the upper respiratory tract

nose
mouth
sinuses
pharynx
larynx
proximal portion of trachea

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what is included in the lower respiratory tract

distal portion of trachea
bronchi
lungs
pleural membranes
muscles of respiration
mediastinum

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this helps sweep debris towards the mouth

cilia

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how many lobes does the L lung have?

2 (upper, lower)

longer, narrower

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how many lobes does the R lung have

3 (upper, middle, lower)

larger, wider, shorter than L lung

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thin, double-layered, serous membrane that lines each pleural cavity

pleura

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normal breathing

eupnea

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SOB, difficulty breathing

dyspnea

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which ethnic groups are at higher risk for asthma

Hispanic, Puerto Rican
American Indians
Alaska Natives
non-Hispanic Blacks
Filipinos
non-Hispanic Whites

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ethnic groups with the lowest prevalence of asthma

Asian Americans

Asian Pacific Islanders

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ethnic groups with high rates of COPD

non-Hispanic Whites

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ratio of length of inspiration and expiration

1:2

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anteroposterior chest ration

2:1

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funnel chest (pectus excavatum)

depression of sternum and adjacent costal cartilage

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scoliosis

lateral curvature, rotation of thoracic and lumbar spine

deviation >45 may distort the lungs

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pigeon chest (pectus carinatum)

congenital deformity characterized by forward displacement of sternum

palpable vibration on the chest wall when a pt speaks

fremitus repeats "99"

4 normal breath sounds heard during auscultation

tracheal bronchial bronchovesicular vesicular

tracheal breath sounds

harsh, high-pitched heard over treachea

bronchial breath sounds

loud, high-pitched heard next to trachea superior to clavicles 1st intercostal space

bronchovesicular breath sounds

medium loudness and pitch 2, 3 intercostal spaces between scapulae

vesicular breath sounds

soft, low pitched remainder of lungs

adventitious sounds

abnormal breath sounds

fine rales/crackles

high pitched short crackling collapsed or fluid filled alveoli open

coarse rales/crackles

loud moist low pitched bubbling collapsed or fluid filled alveoli open

wheezes (sibilant)

high pitched continuous blocked airway; asthma, infection, foreign body

rhonchi (sonorous)

low pitched continuous snoring rattling fluid blocked airway

stridor

loud high-pitched crowing heard without stethoscope obstructed upper airway

friction rub

low pitched grading rubbing pleural inflammation

bronchophony

auscultation of voice sounds says "99", normal lung sounds will be muffled

egophony

auscultation of voice sounds says "E"; normal like sounds will sound like "eeeee"

whispered pectoriloquy

auscultation of voice sounds whispers "1, 2, 3"; normal sounds will be faint

atelectasis

collapse of or impaired inflation of 1 or more parts of the lung (alveoli)

lobar PNA

fluid, bacteria, and celluar debri fill alveoli

pleural effusion

fluid accumulation in pleural space

pneumonothorax

air moves into the pleural space and causes partial or complete collapse of the lung can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension

where do you auscultation the upper apex of the lungs

clavicular level

function of visceral pleura

covers lungs

function of parietal pleura

lines ribcage | covers upper surface of diaphragm

function of pleural cavity

space between 2 pleura | contains small amount of fluid

coal miners are susceptible to ___, a form of black lung disease

pneumoconiosis

hazards for respiratory

``` caustic fumes fungi asbestos coal tar nickel silver textile fibers chromate vinyl chlorides ```

2nd most dx cancer

lunger smoking is the cause for 90%

most common chronic childhood disease

asthma highest burden seen in those living at or below federal poverty level

subjective data r/t respiratory

``` cough SOB chest pain with breathing hx of respiratory infection smoking status environmental factors ```

smoking counseling - what are the 5 A's

``` ask advise assess assist arrange ```

polycythemia

excess RBC production

polycythemia is seen in these pts

COPD | CHF

barrel chest ratio

1:1 d/t hyperinflation of lungs

cause of kyphosis

loss of lung resiliency and skeletal muscle

obesity can impede (make absent) ___

fremitus

which part of your hand to use use to test for fremitus

all or ulnar edge of 1 hand as you move, it should be equal

unequal fremitus is a result of

consolidation

decrease fremitus may indicate

``` bronchial obstruction air trapping (emphysema) pleural effusion pneumonothorax obstruction of tracheobronchial tree ```

where to place your hands to assess chest expansion

posterior, thumbs at T9-T10; pinch skin between thumbs thumbs should move 5-10 cm apart

cause of unequal chest expansion

severe atelectasis PNA chest trauma pneumothorax

what do you tell the pt to do if you hear adventitious breath sounds?

cough, reassess

tachypnea RR | hyperventilation

> 24

cheyne-stokes

unusual, deep breathing pattern that last 30-45 seconds with periods of apnea may last 20 seconds with cycling

bradypnea RR | hypoventilation

< 10

Biot's/Ataxic respirations

shallow, deep with periods of apnea irregular --respiratory depression, brain damage

breath sounds heard with atelectasis

decreased, absent over the affected area

how is chronic bronchitis Dx

productive cough for at least 3 months/year x2 consecutive years

when are voice sounds (fremitus) louder over an affected area?

lobar PNA

asking a pt how many pillows they sleep on can determine what?

orthopnea

imaging studies for respiratory

CXR CT Echo

what to ask female pts when due for imaging study?

date of LMP | pregnancy

Exam 2 - Chpt 16 Flashcards

(76 cards)