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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 2- Lectures 14-16 > Flashcards

Exam 2- Lectures 14-16 Flashcards

BIOL 320 (77 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

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2
Q

How does the pulmonary circuit move blood?

A

from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and back to the heart

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3
Q

How does the systemic circuit move blood?

A

from the left side of the heart to the head and body, and back to the right side of the heart

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4
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A

tunica externa (adventitia), tunica media, and tunica intima

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5
Q

Which layer of the blood vessels contains elastic and smooth muscle tissues and regulates the internal diameter of the blood vessel?

A

tunica media

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6
Q

which layer of the blood vessel provides support and shape to the blood vessel?

A

tunica externa

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7
Q

What type of cells and muscle does the tunica intima have?

A

endothelial cells and some smooth muscle

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8
Q

How many layers of endothelial cells do capillaries have and why?

A

one layer of endothelial cells for gas exchange

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9
Q

Why is the artery close to the heart elastic and not muscular?

A

elastic arteries are highly exposed to strong pumping and can expand easily

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10
Q

Why are the arteries in the leg muscular and not elastic?

A

muscular arteries pump blood more strongly than elastic arteries do. Muscular arteries in the leg are farther from the heart, so the blood being pumped up from the leg required a stronger artery to pump it against gravity

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11
Q

Which type of artery is made primarily of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and are the LARGEST arteries in the body?

A

elastic artery

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12
Q

Which type of artery is made more predominantly with smooth muscle than it is elastic fibers and supplies blood to tissues via vasoconstriction?

A

Muscular artery

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13
Q

Do arterioles vasodilate or vasoconstrict?

A

they vasoconstrict

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14
Q

What are arterioles?

A

little connectors that connect muscular arteries to artery beds/capillaries

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15
Q

Arterioles + metarterioles + venules + capillary beds = ???

A

Capillary Beds

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16
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

They arise from a terminal arteriole and branch to supply blood to a capillary bed

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17
Q

What is the function of metarterioles?

A

They function as sphincters to control blood flow to the tissues based on the need of the tissues

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18
Q

Where are Fenestrated Capillaries found?

A

Found in the kidney and lungs

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19
Q

What does fenestrated mean? why do they have them?

A

Pores; they have them because the endothelial cell junction is not tight

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20
Q

Do continuous capillaries have pores? why?

A

no, because the endothelial cell junctions can be very tight

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21
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

in the brain

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22
Q

Where are Sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

the liver, marrow, spleen

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23
Q

What does coronary artery disease lead to?

A

heart attack

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24
Q

What are examples of diseases related to circulation?

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • carotid artery disease
  • peripheral artery disease
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25
Factors that affect how well the blood can move throughout the body
1. Blood Pressure 2. Resistance
26
What are the factors of blood flow resistance?
- viscosity - blood vessel length - blood vessel diameter
27
Where would you find Laminar flow?
small diameter pipes like Capillaries
28
Where would you find Turbulent flow?
in large diameter pipes like arteries
29
Poiseuille's Law
Q = (P2-P1)/R
30
What type of blood flow is Poiseuille's law for?
Laminar
31
How do you calculate R (resistance) in Poiseuille's Law?
R = 8nl/pi*r^4
32
What does n stand for in Poiseuille's Law?
blood viscosity
33
What does l stand for in Poiseuille's Law?
length of blood vessel (tube)
34
What does pi stand for in Poiseuille's Law?
3.14159
35
What does r stand for in Poiseuille's Law?
radius of the blood vessel
36
What factors are Inversely proportional to blood flow in Poiseuille's Law?
- resistance - viscosity - length of vessel
37
What factors are Directly proportional to blood flow in Poiseuille's Law?
- vessel diameter - pressure
38
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
Blood input = blood output
39
There is an (increase/decrease) in cardiac output when there is an increase in venous return ( the amount of blood returned back to the heart from tissue)?
increase
40
Which organ is the biggest consumer of blood in the body?
the muscles
41
What percent of cardiac output do the skeletal muscles use at rest? what about during exercise?
at rest = 20% during exercise = 80%
42
during contraction, blood vessels within the muscle are compressed, resulting in _______ arterial flow. What happens to the inflow upon relaxation?
lower; increased
43
The presence of what structure feature is the reason that the blood can pass only in one direction back towards the heart?
one way valves
44
Cranial Brain Fluid = how many mL/min and what percent is of the cardiac output is it?
750mL/min and it is 15% of the cardiac output
45
is blood flow to the brain constant?
YES
46
What is the highest consumer of blood? what is the second highest? what percent do they consume?
1. Muscles = 20-80% 2. Brain = 15%
47
What are the three mechanisms that control cerebral autoregulation?
1. Neurogenic Regulation 2. Metabolic Control 3.Myogenic Regulation
48
What controls the vascular smooth muscle in arterioles in neurogenic regulation?
Sympathetic innervation
49
what is released by parasympathetic fibers in neurogenic regulation?
nitric oxide
50
What maintains blood vessel opening and closing in neurogenic regulation?
the sympathetic and parasympathetic
51
What type of feedback system is Metabolic control?
negative feedback that seeks to balance blood flow to its demand
52
What does the brain need food/oxygen for?
function ONLY
53
What does the detection of BP changes in myogenic regulation? what type of mechanism is that?
Vascular smooth muscle; stress sensing mechanism
54
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
SBP-DBP
55
Mean Arterial Pressure formula
DBP+ (SBP-DBP/3)
56
What does any change in the body do to MAP?
a change in BP --> a change in MAP --> a change in amount of blood reaching the brain
57
What does an increase in MAP mean?
an increase in MAP --> less blood reaching the brain --> a continuous headache
58
Short-term (rapid) regulation uses what to detect pressure changes?
baroreceptors
59
Pathway of increased arterial pressure (BP)
increased BP --> increased baroreceptor activity --> increased number of afferent impulses toward the cardiovascular center --> an increase in PSNS activity and a decrease in SNS activity --> decrease in cardiac output and vasodilation to reduce blood pressure
60
Pathway of decreased arterial pressure (BP)
decreased BP --> decreased baroreceptor activity --> decreased number of afferent impulses toward the cardiovascular center --> a decrease in PSNS activity and an increase in SNS activity --> increase in cardiac output and vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
61
What are the two mechanisms for Long-term regulation?
1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) 2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
62
What produces Aldosterone?
The Anterior Pituitary
63
Where does aldosterone act?
it acts on kidneys to stimulate reabsorption of salt (NaCl) and water (H2O)
64
If you have low BP do you want more or less salt from the kidney?
more
65
What is another word for Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)? What does it do?
Vasopressin; it can control BP
66
What is ADH release triggered by?
- an increase in plasma osmolarity - A reduction in blood volume
67
What does ADH bind to a specific receptor to do?
increase water reabsorption in Kidney collecting ducts
68
What is the origin of blood vessels?
all layers, including endothelium lining, are mesodermal in origin
69
Vasculogenesis
Vessels arise by calescence (organization) of angioblasts -are large in diameter
70
Angiogenesis
Vessels sprout from existing vessels
71
What major vessels are formed by vasculogenesis?
dorsal aorta and cardinal veins
72
Hypotension definition
low BP = systolic pressure less than 100mmHg
73
What is an example of hypotension? what is the likely cause?
the head rush you get after standing up suddenly; poor nutrition
74
hypertension definition
high BP = systolic pressure more than 130mmHg
75
What is the MAJOR cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke?
Hypertension
76
What is CNS Ischemic response?
changes in BP in response to a lack of blood flow to the medulla oblongata
77
What can happen if CNS Ischemic response is longe than a few minutes?
Death

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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