Final Exam - Chapter 27

Question 1

Is the interstitial fluid in the ICF or ECF?

Answer 1

ECF

Question 2

What percent of infants is water?

Answer 2

75%

Question 3

What is the purpose of electrolytes?

Answer 3

To maintain an electrical neutrality in cells

Question 4

Electrolytes generate an ______ _______ in nerves or muscles

Answer 4

Action potential

Question 5

What are the three hormones in the thirst mechanism?

Answer 5

-ADH
-Aldosterone
-angiotensin II

Question 6

Regulation of water balance is governed by what type of feedback mechanism?

Answer 6

High-gain feedback mechanism

Question 7

what do osmoregulators do?

Answer 7

Sense plasma osmolality and stimulates the secretion of ADH

Question 8

Aquaporion 2 water channels move into the membrane of collecting ducts. What happens to the level of water reabsorption as a result?

Answer 8

Increases

Question 9

What happens if the three main hormones in the thirst mechanism are disrupted?

Answer 9

Leads to a defect in the thirst mechanism

Question 10

What is a function of the adrenal gland?

Answer 10

Produce aldosterone hormone (after the stimulation by angiotensin II)

Question 11

What are the three types of protein buffers?

Answer 11

Albumins, globulins, and hemoglobin

Question 12

If the blood pH is too high/alkaline (alkalosis), what will the effect on bicarbonate be?

Answer 12

It will increase the excretion of bicarbonate (reduce bicarbonate)

Question 13

Na+ is abundant where in relation to the cell?

Answer 13

Outside

Question 14

If one of the resistant pressures is increased, wat would the NFP do?

Answer 14

It would decrease

Question 15

What keeps you wanting to drink water until late?

Answer 15

High-gain feedback mechanism

Question 16

An incraese in blood osmolality —> dry mouth —> stimulates thirst center in the hypothalamus —> increase in ______ —> h20 taken in —> _____ in blood osmolality

Answer 16

Thirst; decrease

Question 17

Decrease in blood volume —> increase in __________ —> stimulates thirst center in hypothalamus —> increase thirst —> h2O taken in —> decreases osmolality

Answer 17

Angiotensin II

Question 18

Scenario A with decreased blood, decreased blood pressure, and an increase in angiotensin II is regulated by which organ?

Answer 18

The kidney

Question 19

Scenario B that has an increase in osmolality and dry mouth is regulated by which organ?

Answer 19

The brain (hypothalamus and adrenal gland)

Question 20

What is the backup mechanism to increase water input?

Answer 20

Thirst

Question 21

What are considered to be insensible water loss?

Answer 21

Exhalation and sweating

Question 22

What is considered to be a sensible water loss?

Answer 22

Urine

Question 23

Why does the collecting duct need gates to let water through?

Answer 23

Because the cuboidal cells are thick

Question 24

What protein is used to make handles in the collecting ducts?

Answer 24

Aquaporins

Question 25

Why doesn’t ADH act on the loop of henle?

Answer 25

Squamous epithelium is thin and water moves via diffusion

Question 26

he body producing more ADH leads to which one? Vasoconstriction or Vasodilation

Answer 26

Vasoconstriction

Question 27

short term would be scenario B and is controlled by

Answer 27

ADH

Question 28

long term is the control for scenario A and it is controlled by ?

Answer 28

Angiotensin and aldosterone (RAAS)

Question 29

In the regulation of BP, where does renin come from?

Answer 29

Kidney

Question 30

In the BP regulation, where does ACE come from?

Answer 30

The lungs

Question 31

In regulation of BP, where does angiotensinogen come from?

Answer 31

The liver

Question 32

Which structure produces aldosterone?

Answer 32

Adrenal gland

Question 33

What are the most important electrolytes in the body?

Answer 33

Na+, K+, Cl-

Question 34

do Na+, Cl-, and K+ affect the heart and muscle contractions?

Answer 34

Yes they are very important in these places

Question 35

If you get too little Na+, what are the side effects?

Answer 35

Dizziness, nausea, affect heart beat, seizures, muscle cramps

Question 36

What helps maintain blood volume (hydration), nerve impulse generation, muscle contraction, acid base balance in the body?

Answer 36

Na+

Question 37

What happens if you get too much Na+?

Answer 37

Hypertension, nausea

Question 38

What promotes membrane potential, nerve impulse generation, muscle contraction, acid-base balance in the body?

Answer 38

K+

Question 39

What happens if you get too little K+?

Answer 39

Muscle cramps, apathy, loss of appetite, irregular heartbeat

Question 40

What happens if you get too much K+?

Answer 40

Cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac failure

Question 41

aldosterone (increases/decreases) the reabsorption of sodium

Answer 41

Increases

Question 42

What two things do RAAS regulate?

Answer 42

BP and Na+&K+ concentration

Question 43

Which line of defense is the fastest mechanism?

Answer 43

Respiratory

Question 44

Which line of defense is the slowest?

Answer 44

Urinary

Question 45

If acidosis occurs, what is the sequence of events?

Answer 45

1. Chemical buffer 2. Respiratory 3. Urinary

Question 46

What is the job of a buffer solution?

Answer 46

To resist a change in pH

Question 47

For phosphate buffer remember what?

Answer 47

Di sodium phosphate

Question 48

True or False: neither the lungs nor the kidneys have much influence over the protein buffer

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Someone has acidosis and the chemical buffer system failed, but respiratory did the job, which system do you need now?

Answer 49

None because respiratory did the job

Question 50

In Alkalosis, you want to decrease respiration rate to ______ CO2 and _______ carbonic acid and ______ pH

Answer 50

Increase; increase; lower

Question 51

In acidosis, you want to increase respiration rate to ___ CO2, _____ carbonic acid, and ______ pH

Answer 51

Decrease; decrease; increase

Question 52

Which line of defense acts as the metabolic buffer?

Answer 52

Urinary system

Question 53

Will acidosis stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate or not?

Answer 53

Yes

Question 54

If you have enough bicarbonate and no acidosis, is it wise for the boys to reabsorb more bicarbonate?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

If you get too much CO2 your blood become overly _________

Answer 55

Acidic

Question 56

What occurs when there is a primary bicarbonate deficiency

Answer 56

The blood is too acidic

Question 57

What is an example of primary bicarbonate excess?

Answer 57

Cushing’s disease