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Anatomy & Physiology > Final Exam - Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Final Exam - Chapter 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order of the structure of the kidney (outer to inner)?

A
  1. Adipose capsule
  2. Renal capsule
  3. Renal cortex
  4. Renal medulla
  5. Renal pelvis
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2
Q

Where does the nephron exist?

A

Part in the renal medulla and part in the renal cortex

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3
Q

Where are the glomeruli (part of the nephron) located?

A

In the renal cortex

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4
Q

Which part of the nephron is for filtration?

A

Glomerulus

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5
Q

What are the two things that will NOT be filtered in the afferent arteriole (glomerulus)?

A

No blood cells or plasma proteins will be filtered because they are too large

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6
Q

Where is the reabsorption of glucose done in the nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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7
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb everything EXCEPT:

A

Water and the majority of minerals (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)

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8
Q

Which part of the loop of henle is water reabsorbed?

A

The descending loop

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9
Q

Where does the majority of mineral reabsorption take place in the nephron?

A

The Ascending loop of Henle (wide) and Distal convoluted tubules

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10
Q

Where is reabsorption of most NaCl?

A

distal convoluted tubules

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11
Q

Which layer of Bowman’s Capsule has Podocyes?

A

The visceral layer

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12
Q

Is the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule the innermost or outermost?

A

Innermost

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13
Q

all parts of the nephron except for the loop of henle have what type of epithelium?

A

Cubiodal epithelium

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14
Q

What type of epithelium does the descending loop of henle have?

A

Squamous

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15
Q

What apparatus acts as a sphincter?

A

Juxta-glomerular apparatus

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16
Q

What does the Juxta-glomerular apparatus do?

A

Controls how much blood goes to be filtered in Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

what are the three types of cells in the juxtaposition-glomerular apparatus?

A
  • macula densa
  • JG cells
  • mes-angial cells
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18
Q

Which type of cell does this describe?

  • chemoreceptors (NaCl)
  • found in the distal convoluted tubules
  • detect BP
  • sends messages to JG cells to open and close
A

Macula densa

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19
Q

What type of cell does this describe?
- found in the afferent arterioles
- secretes renin

A

JG cells

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20
Q

Which type of cell does this describe?
- interconnected with gap junctions
- may pass signal between macula densa and JG cells

A

Mes-angial cells

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21
Q

True or False: Renin affects bloop pressure

A

False

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22
Q

What forces the blood to filter through the glomerulus?

A

Gradient
- BP is higher in Afferent than Efferent

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23
Q

If GFR is too high…

A

Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed and are lost

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24
Q

If GFR is too low…

A

Everything is reabsorbed, including waste

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25
what are the four factors that affect GFR
- permeability - surface area - blood pressure - net filtration pressure
26
What is the net filtration equation?
NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc)
27
What does HPg stand for?
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
28
What value is HPg ALWAYS?
55 mmHg
29
what does OPg stand for?
Osmotic pressure of glomerular blood
30
What does HPc stand for?
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
31
Which part of the net filtration pressure has serum albumin?
OPg
32
_____ of serum albumin leads to a ______ of OPg and _______ Net filtration aka ______ filtration
Increase; increase; decreased; lowered
33
does the neural (nervous system) control increase or decrease glomerular filtration?
Decrease
34
Hormonal control has atrial natriuretic peptide that can (increase/decrease) glomerular filtration?
Increase
35
If GFR is higher than normal, which mechanism will reduce it back to normal?
Neural control
36
If you take a medicine for low GFR, which mechanism is activated?
Hormonal
37
Reabsorption works by…
active or passive transport (except for water that is by diffusion)
38
What percent is reabsorbed in the Proximal convoluted tubules?
65%
39
What is reabsorbed through the Proximal convoluted tubules?
Na+, H2O, nutrients such as glucose
40
What molecules are reabsorbed by the Ascending loop of henle?
Na+, K+, Cl-
41
What does ADH target?
Collecting ducts
42
How the concentration of urine occurs:
ADH targets the collecting ducts, increasing H2O reabsorbed by opening more aquaporin water channels in the collecting ducts
43
____ has acceptor in the collecting ducts and NOT in the loop of henle
ADH
44
What is the mechanism for the concentration of urine?
Counter-current mechanism
45
What does diuretic effect?
Enhance urine output
46
What is an example of a substance with a diuretic effect that inhibits ADH
Alcohol
47
What is an example of a substance that has a diuretic effect that inhibits Na+ reabsorption?
Caffeine (coffee)
48
One patient has many podocytes in the parietal layer. Is this normal?
NO
49
Which cells do the function of opening a faucet?
JG cells AFTER getting signal from the macula densa cells
50
Most reabsorption in the body occurs where?
Proximal convoluted tubules
51
What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules? Loop of henle? Distal tubules?
Proximal: amino acids, vitamins Loop of Henle: water Distal: Na+ and Ca2+
52
This guy has more GFR than normal, what do you expect for the effect on reabsorption?
Needed substances cannot be reabsorbed and are lost
53
What two regulatory mechanisms of GFR are under extrinsic control?
Neural and Hormonal
54
Which regulatory mechanism of GFR is under intrinsic control?
Renal autoregulation
55
Serum albumin is higher than normal. Is net filtration increased or decreased?
Decreased
56
Increased BP leads to ___________ of afferent arteriole muscles = maintain normal GFR
Constriction
57
Decreased BP leads to ______ of afferent arterioles = maintain normal GFR
Dilation
58
Reabsorption is _______ regulated
Hormonally
59
Na+ is controlled by atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) and what other hormone?
Aldosterone
60
Ca2+ is controlled by?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
61
H2O is controlled by?
ADH
62
Counter-current mechanism
Interaction between filtrate flow through loop of henle and blood flow through vasa recta that concentrates urine
63
What type of epithelium does the urinary bladder have?
Transitional
64
If the urinary bladder has a lot of water, what type of control closes the urethra?
Neural control
65
What are the urogenital ridge types in the intermediate mesoderm?
1. Groove nephron 2. Mesonephron 3. Metanephron

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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