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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 3 Stars & Blue > Flashcards

Exam 3 Stars & Blue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is External Respiration?

A

O2 is taken up by the capillaries of the lung alveoli and CO2 is released from the blood

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2
Q

What is Internal Respiration?

A

O2 is released to the tissues and CO2 is absorbed by the blood

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3
Q

what is Cellular Respiration?

A

Within the cell’s mitochondria, O2 is utilized in metabolic processes to produce energy, water, and waste (like CO2)

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4
Q

which part of the pharynx is where air and food mix?

A

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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5
Q

Why is the trachea a C shape?

A

It leaves room for food going down the esophagus

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is in the trachea that branches into bronchi?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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7
Q

Is there cartilage in the bronchi?

A

Yes!

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8
Q

Cuboidal epithelium, complete later of smooth muscle, and no cartilage are characteristics of what?

A

Bronchioles

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9
Q

Which cells are responsible for gas exchange in the alveolar sac?

A

AT1

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10
Q

AT2 cells produce what?

A

surfactant and AT1 cells

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11
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscle? Inspiration or Expiration?

A

Expiration

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12
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

Inspiration

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13
Q

During inspiration, is air pressure in the lung higher or lower than atmospheric pressure?

A

Lower (it is Called negative pressure)

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14
Q

T/f: during expiration, air pressure in the lungs is 700 mmHg?

A

false. It should be higher than 760 mmHg

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15
Q

The 4 forces acting on Lungs

A

1) Muscles
2) Lung compliance ( = Elasticity)
3) airway resistance
4) surfactant

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16
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Reduce friction and break up water molecules to prevent collapsed lung

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17
Q

Work of breathing is increased when…

A
  • Pulmonary compliance is decreased
  • elastic recoil is decreased
  • resistance is increased
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18
Q

Can we reach 100% saturation of oxygen on an RBC?

A

No because small amounts of hemoglobin is needed to carry CO2

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19
Q

Which factors will move the O2 dissociation curve to the right?

A
  • lower pH
  • higher Temperature
  • higher DPG
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20
Q

What does shifting to the right mean on an O2 dissociation curve?

A

Higher affinity

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21
Q

What does shifting to the left on an O2 dissociation curve mean?

A

Lower affinity

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22
Q

CO2 is transported by what 3 forms?

A

1) dissolved CO2 (7-10%)
2) CO2 bound to Hemoglobin = carbinohemoglobin (20%)
3) Bicarbonate (HCO3 = 70%)

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23
Q

somebody has a defect in their hemoglobin (anemia). does this affect O2 or CO2?

A

It affects both

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24
Q

what is the enzyme in red blood cells that catalyzes the chemical reaction from CO2+H20 to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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25
What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?
Upper and lower
26
True or false: the trachea is part of the upper respiratory system
false, it is the first part of the lower respiratory system. The larynx is the lowest segment of the upper respiratory system
27
What are the bones of the para-nasal sinuses?
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
28
if sinuses are closed at birth, can the baby still breathe?
Yes
29
What are the functions of the para-nasal sinuses?
1. To lighten the skull 2. Help warm and moisten air
30
What are the three functions of the larynx?
1. Connects pharynx to trachea 2. Regulates volume of air 3. Produces voice
31
what happens if we close the bronchi?
There will be a decrease in the level of blood to the brain that will lead to brain damage
32
what is the function of of the pulmonary arteries?
Blood supply to the lungs with oxygenated blood
33
What is the function of Bronchial arteries?
Blood supply to the lungs for lung tissue nourishment
34
What is inspiration?
Air enters the lungs
35
What is expiration?
Air leaves the lungs
36
In the external intercostal muscles during Inhalation, which way do the ribs and volume move?
Ribs elevate and volume increases
37
inhalation is an ________ process
Active
38
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura membranes (line lungs and chest cavity)
39
What does Boyle’s Law say about pressure and volume?
They are inversely related
40
Pressure x Volume = Constant follows Boyle’s law as does P1V1 = P2V2…. Constant. What is P1V1 and P2V2?
P1V1 is inhalation and P2V2 is exhalation
41
As volume increases, pressure decreases is true for what?
Inhalation
42
As volume decreases, pressure increases is true for what?
Exhalation
43
What is the constant value of atmospheric pressure?
760 mmHg
44
What are the three pressure types that influence ventilation?
1) atmospheric pressure 2) intra-alveolar pressure 3) intra-pleural pressure
45
What are the three types/conditions of intra-pulmonary pressures relative to atmospheric pressure?
- negative respiratory pressure (< Patm) - Positive respiratory pressure (> Patm) - Zero respiratory pressure (= Patm)
46
Patm = Pb Intra-pulmonary pressure = Pi What should be the relationship between the two at rest with mouth open?
Pb = Pi = 0
47
How long does air flow down the pressure gradient in inhalation?
Until Pi = Pb
48
How long does air flow down the pressure gradient in Exhalation?
Until Pi = Pb again
49
Transport of O2 from lung to tissue =
Internal Repiration
50
What is passive transport also called?
Diffusion
51
The amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin is ______ related to the partial pressure of O2 (PO2)
Directly
52
A high pO2 decreases the affinity for CO2 =
Haldane Effect
53
Which body system is associated with MALT and Pyer Patches?
The lymphatic system
54
Why does the digestive system not move when you bend over to pick something up?
It is due to the parietal peritoneum and visual peritoneum holding the organs in place
55
Layers of the GI tract from inside to outside
Epithelium -> Laminate Propria -> Muscularis Mucosa -> Submucosa ->. Muscularis externa
56
What three layers make up the mucosa?
epithelium, laminate propria, Muscularis mucosa
57
What is another name for the Serosa?
Peritoneum
58
Why are enzymes not in the pharynx or esophagus?
Because those organs do only mechanical digestion
59
What is the major site of digestion in the body?
The first part of the small intestine (Duodenum)
60
What are the 2nd and 3rd part of the small intestine for?
Absorption
61
Is peristalsis voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
62
Is there peristalsis in the small intestine?
No, segmentation is done there
63
What two phases of Deglutition (swallowing + peristalsis) do only peristalsis?
Pharyngeal and Esophageal phases
64
What are the 4types of cells in the gastric pits of the stomach?
1. Parietal cells 2. Chief cells 3. Mucous neck cells 4. entero-endocrine cells
65
What do parietal cells produce?
HCl and sodium bicarbonate
66
What do Chief cells secrete?
Pepsin in the inactive form of Pepsinogen
67
What do mucous neck cells secrete? What does it protect?
It produces acidic mucus that is different from the mucus secreted by goblet cells. It protects the inner lining of the stomach from HCl
68
What do enter-endocrine cells produce?
Gastrin and histamine
69
What is gastric motility caused by? What is it controlled by?
it is caused by the Stomach Muscles and it is controlled by the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
70
What is described as going from the brain through peripheral nerves (vagus and spinal nerves)?
ENS input
71
What regulates secretion and sensation within the gut?
ENS (Enteric Nervous System)

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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