Exam 3 lectures 20-22 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What are the two major parts of the respiratory system?
A
upper and lower
2
Q
which lung is smaller? why?
A
the left is smaller because it needs to accommodate the heart
3
Q
how many lobes does the right lung have? how many does the left have?
A
3; 2
4
Q
about how many times a minute does breathing happen?
A
about 20 times a minute
5
Q
is breathing a dyamic or static process?
A
dynamic
6
Q
what are the non-vital functions of the respiratory system?
A
- sensing odor
- speech production
- straining
- coughing/ childbirth
7
Q
What are the hollow spaces int he bones around the nose called?
A
sinuses
8
Q
What are the bones of the para-nasal sinuses?
A
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary
9
Q
What are the functions of the para-nasal sinuses?
A
- lighted the skull
- helps warm and moisten the air
10
Q
What is the origin of the respiratory system?
A
epithelium
11
Q
What do goblet cells produce?
A
mucus
12
Q
What is the difference between external, internal, and cellular respiration?
A
External respiration: breathing = ventilation > O2 is taken up by the capillaries of the lung alveoli and CO2 is released from the blood
Internal respiration: O2 is released to the tissues and CO2 is absorbed by the blood
Cellular Respiration: within the cell’s mitochondria, O2 is utilized in metabolic processes to produce energy, water, and waste (likes CO2)
13
Q
Which part of the pharynx is where the air and food mix?
A
th oropharynx and laryngopharynx
14
Q
The nasopharynx is a passageway for what?
A
air only
15
Q
Which tonsil type is the nasopharynx?
A
pharyngeal tonsil
16
Q
Which types of tonsils are the oropharynx?
A
palatine tonsil and lingual tonsil
17
Q
What is the larynx known for the production of?
A
sound
18
Q
what ar the three functions of the larynx?
A
- connects pharynx to trachea
- regulated volume of air (+voice)
- Produces voice
19
Q
What is the trachea? what is the lining?
A
tubes with epithelial lining
20
Q
Why is the trachea a C shape?
A
when you have food through the esophagus, it needs room to expand. the c shape leaves room for the C shape expansion
21
Q
Why is it important for the bronchi to stay open?
A
if we close the bronchi, the blood to the brain will decrease and it will lead to brain damage
22
Q
is there cartilage in the bronchi?
A
YES
23
Q
What is used for protection and to hold open the bronchi?
A
cartilage
24
Q
what ar ethe components of the Bronchioles?
A
- cuboidal epithelium
- complete layer of smooth muscle
- NO cartilage
25
blood supply to the lung for oxygenation:
Pulmonary arteries
26
blood supply to the lungs for lung tissue nourishment:
bronchial arteries
27
Which cells in the alveolar sac are responsible for gas exchange?
AT1
28
Which type of alveolar cells makes the other?
Type 2 makes Type 1
29
What do Type 2 alveolar cells secrete?
surfactant
30
Inspiration definition
air enters the lungs
31
Expiration definition
air leaves the lungs
32
Hypernea
forced breathing
33
Eupnea
normal breathing
34
How is volume related to pressure?
they are inversely related
35
What is the function of the internal intercostal muscle? Inspiration or expiration?
Expiration
36
What is the pleural cavity?
the space between the lungs and the ribs
37
What would happen if there was no pleural space?
we would get an injury
38
Disruption of the integrity of the pleural membrane results in a rapid equalization of pressure and loss of ventilation function = ?
collapsed lung or pneumothorax
39
What are the 2 membranes that make up the pleural lining?
1. Parietal pleura
2. Visceral pleura
40
Parietal pleura
cover the inside of the thorax, mediastinum, and diaphragm
41
Visceral pleura
attach + cover lung service; rich with blood vessels
42
Pleurisy
inflammation of the pleural membranes (line lungs and chest cavity)
43
What types of infections can cause pleurisy?
infections such as the flu and certain medications
44
What causes chest pain that worsens during breathing?
Pleurisy
45
Ventilation (breathing/respiration) =
the movement of air in and out of the lungs
46
What does Boyle's law state?
that pressure is inversely related to volume
47
Boyle's Law equation
P x V = C
48
What are the three pressure types that influence ventilation?
1. Atmospheric pressure
2. Intra-alveolar = intra-pulmonary pressure
3. Intra-pleural pressure
49
What is the constant value that air pressure should stay at?
760 mmHg
50
What is atmospheric pressure?
force exerted by gases in the air surrounding us
51
What is Intra-alveolar pressure?
pressure of air within alveoli
52
What is intra-pleural pressure?
pressure within pleural cavity
53
During inspiration, air pressure in the lung is higher or lower than atmospheric pressure?
Lower (called negative pressure)
54
True or False: During expiration, air pressure in the lungs is 700 mmHg?
False, it should be higher than 760 mmHg
55
If you stop breathing, but are still alive, what does that mean?
that there is air stored in the lungs in the reserve
56
3 types/conditions of Intra-pulmonary pressures?
- Negative respiratory pressure
- Positive respiratory pressure
- Zero respiratory pressure
57
Atmospheric pressure = Pb
Intra-pulmonary pressure = Pi
What is the equation when youre at rest with mouth open?
Pb = Pi = 0
58
During inhalation, what is the relationship between Pb and Pi?
Pb outside is greater than Pi inside
- Air flows down pressure gradient until Pi = Pb
59
Exhalation during Boyle's law:
- Decrease rib cage volume
- Increase in pleural cavity pressure
- Increase Pi
60
During Exhalation, what is the relation between Pb and Pi in boyle's law?
- Pi is greater than Pb
- Air flows down pressure gradient
- Until Pi = Pb again
61
What are the 4 factors affecting ventilation/respiration?
1) Muscles
2) Lung compliance ( = elasticity)
3) Airway resistance ( = Airway radius)
4) Surfactant effect and Surface Tension
62
What is the function of surfactant?
reduce friction and break up water molecules to prevent collapsed lung
63
What accumulates on the surface of alveoli that leads to collapsed lung?
water vapor
64
What percent of the total energy expenditure of the body for quiet breathing?
3%
65
When compliance decreases what happens to the workload?
workload increases
66
When airway resistance increased, what happens to the workload?
workload increases
67
Work of breathing is increased in the following situations:
- When pulmonary compliance is decreased
- When elastic recoil is decreased
- When airway resistance is increased
- When there is a need for increased ventilation (ex: exercise)
68
Dalton's Law
behavior of nonreactive gases in a mixture of these gases
69
Perfusion
- flow of blood in pulmonary capillaries
- regulated by diameter of blood vessels
70
What is transfer of O2 from the lung to tissue?
internal respiraiton
71
Hemoglobin (Hb)
a protein found in RBCs that can hold up to 4 O2 molecules
72
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hb that is NOT combines with O2
73
Why does O2 need a specific carrier?
because 3% of O2 is dissolved in plasma while 97% is bound to Hb. Plasma without an O2 carrier would dissolve all of the O2
74
True or false: the binding is reversible for Hb and O2
True
Hb + O2 <-> HbO2
75
What is another came for passive transport?
diffusion
76
What does the amount of O2 that can be transported depend on?
the concentration of Hb
77
What it’s the amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin directly related to?
The partial pressure of O2 (PO2)
78
PO2:
Al gases exert pressure on walls of their container because the molecules of gas bounce off the walls
79
When PO2 is high, the O2-Hb binding is called _________
Loading
80
When PO2 is low, the O2-Hb release is called ____________
Unloading
81
True or false: loading and unloading are not reversible
False!
82
What part of the body consumes the most oxygen?
The muscles
83
Why can we not reach 100% saturation of O2?
Because a small amount of Hb is needed to carry CO2
84
What does a shift to the right on an O2 dissociation curve mean?
That there is a higher affinity for oxygen
85
What does a shift to the left on an O2 dissociation curve mean?
There is a lower affinity for oxygen
86
Which factors will move the O2 dissociation curve to the right?
- Higher temp
- lower pH
- higher DPG
87
How does exercise affect the O2 dissociation curve?
The curve will shift to the right because the pH in the blood is decreased (from increased lactic acid) and temperature increases during exercise. So, there is an increased demand for O2, so O2 uploading should increase to bring in more O2
88
When the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve shift to the left, what happens?
- higher pH
- lower temperature
- decreased DPG
Hb does not need to carry more O2 = O2 unloading increases
89
What are the 3 ways blood transports CO2?
1. Dissolved in CO2 (7-10%)
2. CO2 bound to hemoglobin = Carbinhemoglobin (20%)
3. Bicarbonate (HCO3 = 70%0
90
Somebody has Hb defect (anemia). Does this affect O2 or CO2?
Both
91
Why must the chemical reaction from CO2 + H2O to Bicarbonate ion occur in the RBCs?
Because RBCs have the enzyme (carbonic anhydrase) to catalyze the chemical reaction
92
What is the importance of a chloride shift?
To maintain electrical neutrality
93
Where does the carbonic acid dissociate into bicarbonate ion and H+ ion?
In the RBCs
94
A high PO2 decreases the affinity of Hb for CO2 is called?
the Haldane Effect
95
what are the types of sensors?
1) Central chemoreceptor
2) Peripheral chemoreceptors
96
What are the types of effectors?
1) diaphragm
2) intercostal muscles
3) abdominal muscles
4) Accessory muscles
97
Where to the chemoreceptors (sensors) exist?
The lung, aorta, and brain
98
What do the chemoreceptors respond to?
PH of extra cellular fluid (ECF)
99
What is a Normal CFS pH?
7.32
100
what are the two breathing control centers in the brain?
The medulla oblongata and the pons
101
What is the pons for in respiration?
The pons regulates the tempo (speed of respiration)
102
What does the medulla regulate in respiration?
It regulates the rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in CO2 levels in the CSF
103
Apnea
The stopping of breathing
104
Hyperventilation
Rapid or deep breathing usually caused by anxiety or panic
105
What are the effects of aging on respiratory function?
- vital capacity and maximum minute ventilation decrease
- ability to remove mucus from respiratory passageways decreases
- gas exchange across respiratory membrane is reduced
- residual volume and dead space increase
106
What does the respiratory system form from?
The origin of the digestive system
107
What is the origin of the respiratory and digestive systems?
Endoderm
