Exam 2 Lee-Fowler Flashcards
(47 cards)
Term used to describe high levels of CO2 in the blood
hypercapnia
This pattern of breathing is characterized by prolonged inspiration, a pause, followed by insufficient expiration.
Where would you localize the problem?
apneustic breathing
pons or upper medulla
This pattern of breathing is characterized by increasingly rapid breathing followed by a pause
Cheyne-stokes respiration
Kussmaul breathing is typically associated with which disease condition?
Metabolic acidosis (deep, semi-rapid breathing to rid body of CO2)
Give 4 potential reasons for decreased BV sounds
low flow (shallow breath)
retraction
attenuation (air)
reflection (mass)
Give 3 reasons for increased BV sounds
lungs are “wet”
1) edema
2) pneumonia
3) contusions (blood)
When are the following sounds normally loudest:
1) crackles
2) Wheezes
1) inspiration (worse after cough)
2) expiration
Rapid, shallow breaths indicate what type of disease?
Restrictive (lungs can’t expand)
Slow, deep breaths indicate what type of disease
obstruction to breathing (i.e. lar par)
Localize:
1) inspiratory dyspnea
2) expiratory dyspnea
3) mixed
1) upper airway (noisy) or pleural space (quiet)
2) lower airway
3) pulmonary parenchyma
What two components make up physiologic dead space?
Which increases when there is disease?
Alveolar dead space and anatomic dead space
Alveolar increases when there is disease
Name 2 ways the lungs can deal with vascular pressure increases
1) recruitment (open previously closed vessels)
2) distension (hold more blood)
For inhalation:
1) 2 primary inspiratory muscles
2) 2 accessory muscles
1) Diaphragm** & external intercostals
2) scalene & sternomastoids
Which muscles are primarily involved in normal, quiet expiration?
NONE–passive process (recoil of the lungs)
Name the 3 respiratory regulatory centers in the brainstem (pons, medulla)
Medullary respiratory center
Apneustic Center
Pneumotaxic center
Describe the medullary respiratory center
made up of 2 areas:
1) inspiratory area–has intrinsic periodic firing to set the rhythm of ventilation
2) expiratory area (not active during normal breathing)
Which area of the brain is responsible for rate and volume control of inspiration
Pneumotaxic center
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? What 3 things do they monitor?
carotid bodies
aortic body
Monitor: PO2, PCO2, and pH
Which lung receptors are located in the alveolar walls? What do they respond to?
J receptors
Respond to pulmonary capillary engorgement and increased interstitial fluid volume
3 factors that determine rate of diffusion of a gas through a tissue
surface area
tissue thickness
partial pressure difference
primary factor that determines rate of diffusion of gas through a liquid
solubility
Hallmark signs of hypoventilation?
increased arterial PCO2
Of the causes of hypoxemia, which is NOT responsive to oxygen therapy?
Shunting
Contrast:
1) High V/Q
2) Low V/Q
1) high V/Q means there is more ventilation than perfusion to an area. The few RBCs that pass will be highly saturated
2) low V/Q means there is more perfusion than ventilation; lots of RBCs will pass through but won’t be fully saturated due to lack of oxygen
