exam 2 part 2 Flashcards
(49 cards)
what is a family system?
families function as interrelated systems where change in one part affects the whole
what is authortitave parenting?
solves problems together with child, sets clear rules and expectations
what is authortarian parenting?
sets strict rules and punishments
what is permissive parenting?
child-drive, rarely gives or enforces rules
what is uninvolved parenting?
provides little guidance, is often absent
what is a negative reinforcement cycle?
coercive parenting patterns where bad behavior is unintentionally reinforced
what percentage of children in the US live in poverty? what percent are considered low-income?
about 18%, about 40% are considered low-income
according to baumrind, what are the two primary dimensions of parenting? what types of parenting
styles result, when combining different levels (hi, low) of these two parenting dimensions?
- responsiveness (warmth)
- demanding (control)
- authoritative: high warmth, high control
- authoritarian: low warmth, high control
- permissive: high warmth, low control
- uninvolved: low warmth, low control
which type of parenting style is considered most effective in white middle, class US culture? what
circumstances might make other parenting styles more effective?
- authoritative is the most common in white, middle-class families
- cultural values shape expectations and outcomes
what types of parenting strategies are effective to promoting child well-being in the US?
- clear rules and expectations
- warmth and communication
- positive reinforcement
- emotion coaching
how does chronic parent conflict impact children?
it leads to increased anxiety, aggression, and poor school performance
how has the american family changed in recent years?
- more single parents
- more cohabiting, blended, and multigenerational families
how common is divorce and what effect does it have on children?
-nearly 40% of children experience parental divorce
- short term, it leads to distress and acting out
- long-term, most adjust well if given support
what factors influence children’s adjustment to divorce?
- level of conflict
- quality of parenting
- financial stress
- child’s age and temperament
what effect does grandparent involvement have on children’s development? how common is it for
grandparents to live with their grandchildren?
- grandparents provide emotional support, child care, and financial help
- about 10% of children live with at least one grandparent
how does birth order affect parenting and child development?
- first borns: more achievement-focused
- later-borns: often more sociable and creative
what factors are related to the degree to which siblings get along with each other?
- age gap
- parental treatment
- temperament
- modeling and conflict resolution
what are the 4 primary types of child maltreatment? which type is the most common?
- physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect
- neglect is the most common
what age group is most frequently maltreated?
children under 3 are most at risk
what parent, family, and child variables contribute to the likelihood of child maltreatment?
- parental substance use, stress, or history of abuse
- poverty
- child with disability or difficult temperament
what are the short and long-term consequences of child maltreatment? what did the ACES study find?
- short-term: anxiety, aggression, poor school performance
- long-term: depression, PTSD, substance abuse
- study found that more adverse experiences were linked with a higher risk for health and mental health problems in adulthood
what is the nurse family partnership program and what kinds of effects does it have on children and
parents?
- it provides in-home visits to low-income first-time moms
- it focuses on parenting, health, and child development
- its outcomes are reduced child abuse, improved school readiness, and long-term improvements in parenting and child outcomes
what is parallel play?
playing side-by-side without interaction
what is associative play?
sharing toys but not coordinating play
