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Anatomy and Physiology > exam 2 study guide > Flashcards

exam 2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

respiration

A

process of gas exchange between organism and environment

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2
Q

articulation

A

process of speech organs forming sounds

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3
Q

phonation

A

sound source for speech sounds

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4
Q

resonance

A

shapes the vocal tract to give sounds unique characteristics

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5
Q

a cybernetic system is

A

automatic and self monitoring

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6
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

defines the physics of breathing

states that given a constant temp, pressure and volume are inversely related

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7
Q

inhalation vs inpiration

A

inhalation: bringing air into lungs

inspiration: bringing air into lungs for gas exchange

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8
Q

exhalation vs expiration

A

exhalation: air leaving lungs

expiration: carbon dioxide driven out of lungs

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9
Q

parts of nasal cavity

A

nares
chonchae
choana

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10
Q

What does the nasal cavity do to air?

A

filters
moistens
warms

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11
Q

trachea

A

windpipe below larynx

4-5 inches of 16-20 U shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

bronchi

A

2 branches that supply the lungs

branches into secondary and then tertiary bronchi

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13
Q

process of inhalation and exhalation

A

-thoracic cavity expands (diaphragm contracts), increasing the volume
-pressure in lungs decreases and it becomes negative compared to atmospheric pressure outside of lungs
-air rushes into lungs to equalize pressure
-diaphragm then relaxes, reducing volume of thoracic cavity
-pressure in lungs is now positive compared to atmospheric pressure
-air rushed out of lungs to equalize the pressure

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14
Q

corpus/body of vertebrae

A

main part/bulk of vertebra

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15
Q

pedicles of vertebrae

A

convex portion between spinous and transverse processes

articulate facet on inner surface

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16
Q

neural arch of vertebrae

A

same as vertebral foreman

where spinal cord passes through

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17
Q

spinous processes of vertebrae

A

extensions of vertebrae that you can see/feel

they keep shape of the spine

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18
Q

transverse processes of vertebrae

A

keep vertebrae in line

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19
Q

articulate facet of vertebrae

A

surface that co-articulates with adjacent vertebrae

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20
Q

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

between head and thorax

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21
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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22
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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23
Q

how many special/ iliac vertebra

A

5

fused

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24
Q

special vertebrae

A

C1 and C2

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25
Function of C1 vertebra
atlas connects spinal column to head
26
Function of C2
axis allows head to move and turn damage to this vertebra would result in patient being unable to move head
27
intervertebral disks
between vertebral disks made of fibrocartilage and joined to hyaline cartilage
28
vertebal joints
-amphiathrodial: some movement, but limited -diathrodial: free movement -synarthrodial: no movement
29
sternum
breastbone parts: manubrium (handle) body xiphoid
30
manubrium of sternum
handle flat, multisided plate articulates with rib 1
31
corpus of sternum
body articulates with ribs 2-7
32
xiphoid of sternum
ensiphorm attaches to inferior border of body sternum
33
how many ribs?
12 pairs of ribs larger from 1-7 and then smaller (barrel like shape)
34
the parts of the ribs?
head neck shaft angle coastalgroove
35
head of rib
attaches to vertebral column
36
neck of rib
narrow area
37
shaft of rib
where it comes to front
38
coastalgroove of rib
depressed area for blood and nervous tissue
39
angle of rib
where it turns to the midline
40
portions of pectoral girdles
clavicle: collar bone scapula: shoulder bone
41
portions of pelvis girdles
-ilium: hip bones -ischium: bone you sit one -pubis: pubic bone -acetabulum: attachment for femur (articulator for 3 bones) -sacroiliac joint: attaches last vertebral girdle -inguinal ligament: pubic symphusis ----> ilium
42
diaphragm
shallow inverted dome that divides thoracic and abdominal viscera
43
opening of diaphragm (hiatus)
aortic hiatus: blood opening esophagus hiatus: food opening foramen vena cava: blood- heart
44
diaphragm attachments
attached to lower border of ribcage and upper lumbar attached to pericardium (membranous sac enclosing heart)
45
external intercostals
strongest set of muscles between ribs slant down and forward deficient ventrally (does not go around to sternum) function: fixate thoracic wall and control distance between ribs
46
internal intercostals
deep to external muscles slant down and backward do not attach to vertebrae, but attaches to sternum function: fixate thoracic walls and controls distance between ribs
47
muscles for breathing
external intercostal internal intercostal subcostals (intracostals) transverse thoracis lerator costalis serratus posterior
48
subcostals muscle function
musculomembranous sheet that lines thorax and is lined with pleura
49
transverse thoracis muscle
-origin: inner surface of sternum -insertion: lower external border and inner surface of ribs -action: pull ribs to decrease volume of thorax involved in expiration
50
levator costalis muscle
-origin: transverse processes of vertebrae -insertion: angle of inferior rib -action: lift ribs to increase volume of thorax involved in inspiration
51
serratus posterior muscle - superior group
-origin: spinious process -insertion:down and laterally to near angle of inferior rib (ribs 2-7) -action: raise ribs involved in inspiration
52
muscles indirectly involved in breathing
sternocleidomastoid scalene muscles
53
sternocleidomastoid
-origin: mastoid process of temporal bone (anterior to sternum and superior to clavical) -insertion: same as origin -function: raise thorax and turn head downward or medially
54
scalene muscles
-origin: transverse process of vertebrae -insertion:downward to superior surface of ribs -function: raise thorax and bend neck forward and to the side
55
abdominal muscles
-external oblique -internal oblique -transverse abdominus -rectus abdominus action: compress contents of abdomen and pushes diaphragm up
56
serratus posterior muscle - inferior group
-origin: spinious process -insertion: up and laterally (ribs 8-12) -action: lower ribs involved in expiration
57
external oblique
-origin: exterior surface and lower border of ribs -insertion: downward and medially to iliac crest -action: compress contents and push diaphragm up for expiration
58
internal oblique
middle layer of abdominal muscles -origin: iliac crest and inguinal ligament -insertion: medially and upward to lower border of last 3 ribs (opposite of external oblique) -action: compress contents and push diaphragm up
59
transverse abdominus
deepest muscle of abdominal group -origin:inner surface of ribs 6-12; lumbodorsal fascia, inguinal ligament, and anterior edge of iliac crest -insertion: horizontally to deepest layer of abdominal aponuerosis action: compress contents and push diaphragm up
60
rectus abdominus
-origin: crest of pubic bone -insertion: vertically to cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process -action:compress content and raise diaphragm
61
linea alba
ligament xiphoid process---> pubic symphysis
62
Tidal Lung Volume
TV volume of air inhaled and exhaled during 1 cycle (450cc)
63
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
IRV max volume of air which can be inhaled after completion of normal inhalation (1500 cc)
64
Expiratory Reserve Volume
ERV maximum volume of air which can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
65
Residual Volume
RV volume of air that cannot be expelled after a maximum exhalation
66
Inspiratory capacity
IC maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from a resting expiration level
67
Vital Capacity
VC volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation (everything - RV) VC=IRV+TV+ERV VC=IC+ERV
68
Total Lung Capacity
TLC maximum volume of air that lungs can hold equal to sum of all lung volumes TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV TLC=IC+REV+RV
69
How is normal breathing different from speech breathing?
normal breathing: 50-50% inhalation and exhalation speech breathing: 10% inhalation and 90% exhalation
70
Rib attachments - anterior
7 attach at sternum 3 attach to sternum via cartilage 2 are floating
71
spinal pathology - kypnosis
"hunchback" curvature at top of spine
72
spinal pathology - lordosis
"swayback" curvatrue at bottom on spine
73
spinal pathology - scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
74
emphysema
found in older smokers reduces vital capacity
75
black lung
results from breathing in coal dust
76
brown lung
results from breathing in asbestos
77
Cerebral Palsy, Parkinson's, MS and MD
neurological conditions that affect breathing coordination and strength positioning is important for breathing with patients with cerebral palsy
77
78
asthma
contraction of muscles which control diameter of respiratory tract reduces air inhaled
79
Apnea
stopping of breathing at the end of normal expiration
80
Diaphragmatic respiration
uses diaphragm while thoracic
81
Thoracic respiration
involves thoracic cavity
82
Clavicular respiration
using up and down movement of clavicles
83
Characteristics of speech breathing
-rapid inhalation and prolonged exhalation -occurs under voluntary control
84
mediastium
space between lungs, holds, heart, esophagus, and blood passages to lower body
85
lungs are elastic due to
1/3 of elasticity is due to tissue 2/3 of elasticity is due to alveoli (air filled bubbles that stretch and collapse)
86
surfactant
soap-like film that allows lungs to slide against thoracic wall
87
costal pleura
separates lungs from ribs laterally
88
mediastinal pleura
lining of mediastinum (medially)
89
visceral pleura
separates lungs from diaphragm (inferiorly)
90
characteristics of right lung
shorter due to liver bigger in volume with three lobes
91
characteristics of left lung
has 2 lobed and volume is reduced to the heart
92
lung capacity by gender
males: 5000 cm^3 females: 4000 cm^3
93

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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